Bipolar Disorder Manic Depressive Illness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2221 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Bipolar Disorder Essay Did you like this example? Bipolar Disorder is also commonly referred to as manic-depressive illness and is often classified by mood swings, euphoria, reckless behavior, increased physical activity, and racing thoughts. The key identifying feature found in Bipolar Disorder patients is, the tendency of manic episodes to alternate with major depressive episodes in an unending roller-coaster ride from the peaks of elation to the depths of despair (Durand Barlow, 2016). There are two types of Bipolar Disorder; Bipolar Disorder I II, and they differ by the manic episodes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bipolar Disorder: Manic Depressive Illness" essay for you Create order Bipolar Disorder I is referred to as having major depressive episodes that are alternate with hypomanic episodes instead of full manic episodes. The II version is described as the same except the fact that the individuals find themselves experiencing full manic episodes. Bipolar Disorder is a very common disorder that we see throughout our lives. This life-altering experience affects approximately 5.7 million adult Americans, or about 2.6% of the U.S population age 18 and older every year(OBSA). Throughout the rest of this paper, I will be further discussing a deeper analysis of Bipolar Disorder and the treatments that are available, while incorporating its relativity to the film, Silver Linings Playbook and the character Patrick Solitano Jr. Bipolar Disorder, just like any other mental illness, is hard to scientifically pinpoint to exactly what causes it, why it happens, and how to prevent it. The diagnosis, just like any other disease will be hard to detect, as there will be many contributions that contribute to diseases like this to arise. According to the article, Spatial vision loss in bipolar disorder: Case series and literature review, it is known that, [the] etiology involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors () Meaning that there are many factors that are involved when it comes to the etiology of Bipolar Disorder. However, the diagnoses that I found in the film consist of: speech switching from loud to incoherent, mood switches triggered by different to pics, flashbacks of manic episodes, severe mood changes, delusions, irrational thought processes, and the unsteady grasp to impulse control. Studies, previously have been conducted that allow us to understand that Bipolar Disorder has many diverse symptoms, which leads to the diagnosis and treatment being mislead. Therefore, when conducting a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, the performance has to be done very carefully. The quality of life that an individual will experience when suffering from Bipolar Disorder will be altering as their attention, memory, and executive function will be affected the most. According to the DSM V criteria, it should be known that a single manic episode should be moderate in Bipolar I Disorder. The MDQ, Mood Disorder Questionnaire is used to detect mood disorders, and in the circumstances of the film, Pat met all criteria for a positive screen for Bipolar Disorder. Last but not least, the DSM V criteria ruled out Schizophrenia, Mood disorder with Psychotic features, and Borderline Personality Disorder. However, My research consisted of the inconsistency of Borderline Personality Disorder correlating with Bipolar Disorder. There are so many identifying features in individuals that end up leading to being called a disorder, so its truly confusing when it comes to iden tifying the single cause of someones behavior. After conducting research, I found that the non-existing correlation between Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder to be prevalent due to its many years of wondering so. In similarity to the film, it is quite possible to come to the conclusion that Pat could also be facing Borderline Personality Disorder, but the research I have studied proves that they actually do not correlate, thus allowing the readers to further identify Bipolar Disorder and what it does to someone who is suffering with it. Throughout the years, doctors and researchers have debated whether or not bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder is simultaneously present in borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients as well. While some believe that borderline personality is located somewhere on the bipolar spectrum. (Zimmerman 847), the previous studies performed to support that theory often proved unreliable and questionable results. Each mood disorder is differentiated using certain behavioral criteria. Some of these criteria elements are questioned to be present within or related to other disorders. It is these questions that sparked the interest of The Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project in 2013, leading to the advancement of further research. M.D Mark Zimmerman and his colleagues motives were crystal clear- to finally reveal the truth behind what similar characteristics occur within each mood disorder by identifying the relationship between the behavioral patterns. (147) To ensure the reliability of this study, the psychologists and research assistants went through months of training to help them gain of a better understanding of how to interview the subjects and acquire the knowledge necessary to diagnose them and make possible connections. Their hypothesis was that borderline personality disorder appears differently in those with bipolar disorder than it does in those with major depressive disorder. (Zimmerman 847) To perform this particular study, 277 psychiatric patients obtaining bipolar disorder (47) and major depressive disorder (231) were brought into the Rhode Island Hospital for numerous interviews and close examination. The subjects of this study consisted of 74 men and 203 women, each between the ages of 17 and 68. All of the people selected for the experiment received various levels of education and had contrasting marital statuses. Although 85 percent of the patients were Caucasian, the remaining 15 percent consisted of African American s, Hispanics, Asians, and multiracial Americans. Joint-interviews were performed individually by qualified professionals to see what borderline personality disorder characteristics were present in those with each mood disorder. Raters would independently record their ratings on what criteria they believed those patients obtained and later compare their results (Zimmerman 849). The questions being asked in these interviews were based on the criteria of borderline personality disorder such as fear of abandonment, communication problems with others, identity disturbance, impulsive behavior, suicidal thoughts, anger, and transient dissociation (Zimmerman 850). The variables within this experiments are nominal, meaning that they have no natural order because they are testing each persons individual personality which cannot be controlled. The researchers used the gathered evidence from the interviews to create an RxC Table to compare the results between the two types of patients and their shared borderline personality disorder traits. On the left side of the table, the criteria for BPD was listed and the columns on the right were separated between the 47 bipolar disorder patients and the 231 patients suffering from a major depressive disorder. Reviewing the results in their chart showed that the two main BPD characteristics that the bipolar patients shared were impulsive behavior and transient dissociation, but they were not present or significant in those with major depressive disorder. (Zimmerman 850) According to The International Society for the Study of Dissociation, transient dissociation is when that person loses their internal connection to their thoughts, memories, or sense of self. This, along with being extremely impulsive when upset or angered, was found to be present more frequently in those experiencing bipolar depression than it was in those with major depressive disorder. It was through the use of the raters questions that these researchers were able to finally conclude that borderline personality disorder does, in fact, present itself differently and is less effective in identifying those without bipolar depression. There was no found correlation between major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, despite previous theories (Zimmerman 850). The researchers proved their hypothesis. In the movie Silver Linings Playbook, bipolar disorder was being portrayed strongly by the main character Patrick Solitano Jr. He and his disorder can be described best as abnormal. Abnormality, in Pats case, can be based upon the inability to function effectively and sense personal discomfort. Pat is a middle-aged man that has lost his job, left the mental hospital, and is returning home to live with his parents, which is not seen as normal for a man his age in the eyes of society. His random violent outbursts also contribute to show how his actions, thou ghts, and attitudes differ from the ones that most people experience. One prime example of how Pat was displayed as abnormal or different from those within his community was the boy trying to record his outburst for school and the frightened teacher of his former school. These people believed that Pats actions were unacceptable and therefore made him stand out negatively. Pat Solitano suffers from undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is often classified by mood swings, euphoria, reckless behavior, increased physical activity, and racing thoughts. Pat Solitano experienced all of these quite frequently throughout the movie. His constant mood swings are shown in the psychologists office when his wedding song is played when his call to Nikki is refused by his parents, and while tailgating/fighting at the Philadelphia Eagles game. Despite these sad or angry moods that he gets in, he still experiences phases of euphoria or a false sense of happiness. This is expressed through his determination to reach excelsior, search for silver linings in everything, and better himself. In Pats mind, he will get back together with Nikki and get back his old job as a substitute history teacher. He also partakes in more workouts and runs with trash bags on, drastically increasing his amount of physical activity. I believe that all of these symptoms of bipolar dis order are wonderfully and artistically displayed throughout the entire movie, especially the racing thoughts. The movie not only shows accurate symptoms but it also accurately portrays the constant battle that many bipolar patients have while trying to manage and express their emotions. The writer also slyly shows scenes of repressed images that have led to Pats current mental/emotional status within the film. In the movie, Silver Linings Playbook Pats treatment included being admitted into a mental hospital in Baltimore for 8 months, weekly therapy with Dr. Patel, and different medications such as Seroquel and Abilify. However, he often rejects the pills because he says that they make his mind foggy. All of these forms of treatment are realistic and appropriate for the time and place that this movie takes place. Bipolar Disorder is equivalent to depressive disorders, and the problem with treatment is the refusal among the patients, who admittedly deny of having a problem of any sort. People with bipolar disorder today are prescribed forms of mood stabilizers and can be hospitalized for reckless behavior and suicidal thoughts. The most popular type of treatment is antidepressants, which are used to treat depressive disorders. They also help with inducing manic episodes, which is found in Bipolar Disorder. According to our textbook, 50% of bipolar patients respond well to lithium initially, meaning at least a 50% reduction in manic symptoms. (Durand Barlow, 2016, p. 230) However, it is widely known that everyones body responds differently to medications, so even though lithium will work for some, it doesnt mean it will work for all. Thats why we find in the film different treatment methods such as therapy sessions, and medications that vary from Seroquel to Abilify. I believe that the movie truly uncovered the true identity behind Bipolar Disorder as it affected Pats life, family, and friends. For example, Pats bipolar disorder negatively affected a few of his family members such as his soon-to-be ex-wife, Nikki, his mother, father, and brother. The marriage between Nikki and Pat was tarnished because of his angry mood swings and his original illusions of an affair. This later led to the brutal beating of the man that Nikki cheated on Pat with. Because of this beating, Pat was sentenced to 8 months in the mental hospital, putting an emotional strain on his family members. His mother and father had to let him live in their house following his in-patient visit in Baltimore because he was basically set back to square one after losing his wife and home. All of this is very realistic because the mood swings and manias that a person suffering from bipolar disorder experiences often become too much for loved ones that dont know how to help them. You co uld see this through Pats dad especially. He was very saddened and heartbroken to see Pat in this state, knowing that he couldve done more for him growing up. Everything in the film, is an accurate diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, and that is why my diagnosis, is pinpointed through Pats decisions, and the effect it portrays on his family as a whole. Personally, I believe that the best treatment plan for Pat is to undergo Cognitive Behavior Therapy with exposure therapies. These involve relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, mood monitoring, imaginal exposure, and coping techniques to help Pat with his stress/emotion control, as well as cognitive restructuring. Overall, Bipolar Disorder is easy to understand when correlating it to a mood disorder. It is commonly found throughout individuals throughout the world for many underlying reasons. In the film, Silver Linings Playbook, you get a true perspective of what people go through when they are either suffering from Bipolar Disorder or know a loved one who is suffering from Bipolar Disorder. Either way, the film is a great way to fully understand the effects of Bipolar Disorder and how one can identify the diagnosis and treatment. Although critics will argue my standpoint, I still find the film to be a great way to identifying the characteristics of Bipolar Disorder and how it relates to the understanding of its etiology, prevalence, and prognosis.

Essay about The Prosecution’s Indictment of Mr. George...

The Prosecution’s Indictment of Mr. George Stevens In the story The Garies and Their Friends by Frank Webb, one man is responsible for the race riot. The prosecution charges Mr. George Stevens with Inciting a Riot and Seditious Conspiracy. We intend to prove these charges beyond a reasonable doubt. We will do this by presenting overwhelming evidence of his guilt. He manipulated people and circumstances to his full advantage to implement his plan. His agenda was one of violence against innocent Black men and women. These already oppressed citizens, became tragically disenfranchised as a result of his actions. He has torn the fabric of their livelihood into pieces, leaving many homeless. His wanton destruction and†¦show more content†¦Mr. Stevens promotes this mindset to anyone who will listen. Mr. Stevens had hoped to turn public opinion to his favor. Exactly as did Hitler and the Nazis of the past, â€Å"Hatred against Jews manifested itself in such measures as the Nuremburg Laws which banned race-mixing and in the Kris tallnacht riots which targeted Jewish homes, businesses and places of worship† (en.wikipedia.org). Mr. Stevens is spreading propaganda and following in the footsteps of Hitler. He was the mastermind behind the racial riot in Philadelphia. Mr. Stevens’ motive for these crimes is a combination of greed, hate, and racism. He enlisted the help of his wealthy and influential friend Mr. Morton. This influence of Mr. Morton’s allows them complete control over the local police. His goal is to terrorize his neighborhood and chase away the hard-working Blacks. He made sure the Black residents would flee their homes in fear of their lives. Once they fled, he and his associate Mr. Morton, could buy up their property, cheap. They planned to put in office only politicians who would yield to their demands. While referring to the Black families of the neighborhood Mr. Stevens stated, â€Å"...and if we can create a mob and turn it against them, they will be glad to leave that quarter, and remove further up into the city for security and protection†(166). He explained that once these properties were devalued, they could buy them and make a profit later. His plan also required them to have

Treatment of Aboriginals Reflective Evaluation on Treatment

Question: Discuss about theTreatment of Aboriginalsfor Reflective Evaluation on Treatment. Answer: Introduction Europeans invaded Australia in 1778 (Gray et al 2014, p.482). Since then the aboriginal people have been oppressed, and their existence has been accompanied by many extreme challenges. The problems have lasted up to the twentieth century (Malinowiski 2015, n.p). Other races have treated the aboriginals negatively. When the six governing colonies were to become members of the Commonwealth in 1901, the aboriginals were not counted, the states ended up retaining power over the aboriginal affairs (Gray et al 2014, p.482). The government established the aboriginals community away from other communities 30Km from Gympie (Gray et al 2014, p.482). They were based on the natural reserves and rules governing their land were created. All other people were to be provided for security except the aboriginals. The aboriginals children were also eliminated from public schools since the NSW Aborigines Act established their schools (Gray et al 2014, p.482). Women were also mistreated since after intro duction of maternity allowance the indigenous women were not involved in the program (Attwood 2014, p.171). The aborigines could not drink or possess alcohol shops as well as have sexual intercourse with people of other races (Gray et al 2014, p.482). The aboriginal people were directly exposed to inequality, injustice, protectionist policies and dispossession of land. The history of treatment of indigenous Australians over the last century has a lot of impact upon the ethical practice of engineering (Goodman et al 2017, p.87). Ethical practices in design are based on honesty, fairness, impartiality, equity and protection of public health, safety and welfare (Bhat Rajyalakshmi 2015, p.68). The aboriginals were segregated in all aspects of life, and they did not practice democracy. Their children could not attend the public schools (Gray et al 2014, p.482). The fact that all other communities were offered security services shows the magnitude of segregation against aboriginals was very high. The Aboriginals could not drink and establish businesses as the rest of the citizens. The indigenous Australians were not given access to social services especially hospitals. Dangerous diseases like smallpox, which led to many deaths, affected the majority of the aboriginals. The diseases were also because of sailing activities as the Europeans invaded their region. Equity and fairness are fundamental issues in engineering code of ethics (Bhat Rajyalakshmi 2015, p.68). In the performance of their task, engineers should exhibit highest standards of impartiality and equity. The treatment of identified clients should be fair irrespective of ethnicity. The performance of engineers sho uld be distributed fairly and should be equitable to all customers. Services offered by engineers have a direct and vital impact on quality of life for all people. The history of the aboriginals also states that protective services were provided unfairly. The aboriginals women were not given a chance to access the services since they were limited to the other communities (Gray et al 2014, p.482). It appears to be animalism behavior portrayed by the Europeans, and clearly, they had no respect for human life. The Europeans were not keen on respecting public health, safety, and welfare on their treatment of the aboriginals. Engineering as a profession insists on dedication to protecting public health, security, and well-being as part of ethical considerations. In protection of health and public safety, engineers should be very keen on areas pertaining their profession. Engineers should approve only engineering documents which meet the applicable standards. Qualified personnel is expected to perform a reliable task. Once engineers perform work which meets the standards, random accidents are curbed especially the engineers dealing with building and constructions (Bhat Rajyalakshmi 2015, p.68). The engineering departments of different countries are very keen on planning activities. If any engineer involves himself or herself in activities to endanger life or property, it is compulsory that they face the law and the client, as well as people affected, may be compensated. As an ethical consideration, engineers should be dedicated to the protection of public health, safety, and welfare of the public. The aboriginals history also shows that the Europeans were not honest to the missionaries who aimed at proclaiming the indigenous community rights. After the missionaries established a community for the aboriginals and provided social services, the Europeans were keen on absorbing the services (Gray et al 2014, p.482). The concern of ministers usually bore no fruits, as the Europeans could not submit their inhuman actions (Bennet Babbage 2014, p.19). The deeds of Europeans impacts the ethical practice of engineering. Honesty is an essential issue in design ethical considerations (Nobles 2014, p.119). Engineers should be in a position to acknowledge their errors and advice their clients together with their employees when they believe an individual project will not be successful (Treloar et al. 2016, p.18). Any engineer should remain focused to his employment and should not concentrate on a different task without notifying his or her employer. Integrity is also required in engineering , as engineers are not expected to promote their interest at the expense of the dignity of the profession (Rodger et al. 2015, p.16). The history of the treatment of indigenous Australians has significant impact on the ethical practice of engineering. As an engineer, I find the treatment of aboriginal communities by Europeans very inhuman. The aboriginals should, however, try as much as possible to forget such eras and the treatments. Although they were negatively treated and opposed in all aspects of life, it is not important to take it personally. It is because once they make it, personal hatred may be passed from generations to generations to the Europeans. The aboriginals should in return develop respect for the human dignity, especially in the 21st century. We need one another in different aspects of life, and therefore we should be in a position to respect one another irrespective of our ethnic groups, color and political opinions. Today, the aboriginals should insist on fairness, equity, honesty and impartiality to everyone in their communities. They should also be dedicated to protecting the public health, safety, and welfare. Once they practice the above values, peaceful co-existence will be witnessed between different et hnic groups. In addition, cases pertaining racial segregation will be protected from happening in future. The treatment history of the indigenous Australians portrays how some countries especially the Europeans had no respect for human life. Poor treatment of human life and rival segregation was not only witnessed in Australia but also in India and almost all African countries. Inhuman activities Australian indigenous people was described by land grabbing and pushing the remnants to the native reserves, segregation in public social services and denial of democracy rights. Europeans in Australia exposed the aboriginals to many different challenges, which resulted in a high number of deaths. The aboriginals were exposed to dangerous diseases, and they had no access to public hospitals since they were seen as less valuable and inferior. From the historical treatment of the indigenous Australians, direct impact on ethical practice in engineering. Ethical practice in design entails honesty, fairness, equity, impartiality and dedication to the protection of public health, safety, and welfare. Engineering as a profession has a direct and vital effect on the quality of life for all people. The Europeans never observed these values in the treatment of their originals. They considered them as useless and took all that belonged to them because they were considered inferior. It was unfair treatment of human race as opposed to engineering ethical practices. The history has many impacts upon ethical design practice. Today things have changed since there is the value of human race in almost all countries globally. People from different ethnic groups are treated equally, and the practices move hand in hand to issues pertaining ethical engineering responsibilities. References Attwood, B., 2014. Law, History and Power: The British Treatment of Aboriginal Rights in Land in New South Wales. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 42(1), pp.171-192. Attwood, B., Burrage, W., Burrage, A. and Stokie, E., 2015. A life together, a life apart: a history of relations between Europeans and Aborigines. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. Bennett, S.T. and Babbage, D.R., 2014. Cultural adaptation of CBT for Aboriginal Australians. Australian Psychologist, 49(1), pp.19-21. Bhat, S., Rajyalakshmi, M. (2015). Curricular influence and perceptions of engineering graduates on socio ethical issues related to Biotechnology.Journal of Engineering Education Transformations,29(2), 68-71. Gray, D., Wilson, M., Allsop, S., Saggers, S., Wilkes, E., Ober, C. (2014). Barriers and enablers to the provision of alcohol treatment among Aboriginal Australians: a t hematic review of five research projects.Drug and alcohol review,33(5), 482-490. Goodman, A., Fleming, K., Markwick, N., Morrison, T., Lagimodiere, L., Kerr, T. and Society, W.A.H.R., 2017. They treated me like crap and I know it was because I was Native: The healthcare experiences of Aboriginal peoples living in Vancouver's inner city. Social Science Medicine, 178, pp.87-94. Malinowski, B., 2015. The family among the Australian Aborigines: a sociological study (Vol. 1). Library of Alexandria. Nobles, M., 2014. Revisiting the Membership Theory of Apologies: Apology Politics in Australia and Canada. In On the Uses and Abuses of Political Apologies (pp. 119- 137). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Rodger, J.C., Supramaniam, R., Gibberd, A.J., Smith, D.P., Armstrong, B.K., Dillon, A. and O'connell, D.L., 2015. Prostate cancer mortality outcomes and patterns of primary treatment for Aboriginal men in New South Wales, Australia. BJU international, 115(S5), pp.16-23. Treloar, C., Jackson, L.C., Gray, R., Newland, J., Wilson, H., Saunders, V., Johnson, P. and Brener, L., 2016. Multiple stigmas, shame and historical trauma compound the experience of Aboriginal Australians living with hepatitis C. Health Sociology Review, 25(1), pp.18-32.

Psychology Management and Organizations in a Global Environment

Question: Discuss about the case study Psychology for Management and Organizations in a Global Environment. Answer: The Milgram Experiment It is important to note that the Milgram experiment was initially designed in order to delve deeper into the conflict which mutually exists between personal conscience and obedience to authority (Cherry, 2016; n.p.). This is arguably among some of the most illustrious experiments which pertain to compliance in psychology which were coined up by one Stanley Milgram who was a psychologist at the University of Yale. Primarily, Milgram scrutinized various rationalizations for the executions of genocide which were offered by the perpetrators of W.W II Nuremberg war criminal trials. There major justification was repeatedly based on duty in that the offenders were simply carrying out orders given down from their immediate superiors. The procedure for this experiment was that one participant was paired with another, drawing a lot of information to find out who would be the learner, and who would be the tutor (McLeod, 2007; n.p.). The draw was fixed in such a way that the partaker was constan tly the educator and the student would be one of Milgrams associates. Even though this experiment was considered among the most debatable in the history of social psychology, they suggested that about 65% of individuals were inclined to impose pain on others if and directed to by an authority figure. Moreover, it was observed that normal individuals are more likely to adhere to orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of taking the life of an innocent human being. This means that people obey orders from others if they acknowledge their authority as lawfully based and/or morally right. It is interesting to learn the extent to which one would be able of exacting real pain, mental, emotional, and/or physical, on another person. For instance, on the scale of 1 10, 1 being the least extent and 10 being the extreme, I believe that I would land on an 8. I would be capable of inflicting as much pain to another person as possible, but this depends on the level of authority dictating that I obey. This means that if it were my boss giving out the order, and my job depended on it, I would not hesitate to inflict real pain. However, if it were a person who does not have any direct authority over me, I would consider and be less inclined to obey the order. Similar to Milgrams experiment, the location would have an influence on my ability to inflict real pain on another individual. For instance, I would not be motivated to inflict real pain on another person if I were in a foreign country or region. This is because I would have some degree of empathy towards this particular ind ividual given that I am not in my local setting. I would also resist adhering to the order if the authority figure is not close by. Solomon Asch and Group Conformity The Asch experiments of conformity were a succession of psychosomatic testing carried out by one, Solomon Asch during the 1950s (Unknown, 2016; n.p.). The main aim of these experiments was to observe the level to which a persons own views are influenced by those of groups. The results indicated that people were willing to ignore reality to the extent of offering an erroneous answer so as to match to the rest of the crowd. In addition, people tend to obey for two main reasons viz, due to the verity that they desire to fit in with the faction and because they consider the faction to be well informed than they themselves are. My own individual assessment making does not constantly echo an objective process. For instance, I may believe that my answer to a particular question is the most appropriate one. However, if more people are present and disagree with my answer, I will be influenced to conform to their answer, regardless of whether or not it is correct. My decision making may also be influenced if the people around me happen to be more learned than I am. This fact alone will discourage me and not motivate me into backing up my answer which is most probably the correct one. The longing to be acknowledged as a part of a faction usually leaves one predisposed to conforming to the factions customs. This is because conformity usually increases when more individuals are in attendance. However, there is a modest alteration once the crowd size goes past five or four individuals. For instance when there is a group of a superior social standing, individuals tend to have the notion that the said individuals are more influential, knowledgeable or powerful than themselves and they are more likely conform to the group (Morris Miller, n.d.; 220). This is usually observed with high school or university students, and members of a minority group. They tend to have a strong desire to be accepted or belong to a particular group and can therefore be more prone to conforming to the groups norm, regardless of whether it is moral or not. Ordinary people can also find themselves in similar situations for instance in the workplace where a person might desire to be accepted int o a particular clique, and is willing to do anything to be accepted. Another illustration is that of gangs where a potential member is inclined to conforming to the factions customs which might include committing violence, or even murder (Cherry, 2016; n.p.). There are a number of situational factors that can allow a faction to apply pressure sturdy enough to alter a persons mind-set and behavior. Some of these factors can include socioeconomic status, gender, age, ethnicity, among others. As already stated, if one belongs to a group of an inferior socioeconomic status and is in the presence of a group of a higher socioeconomic status, the former will be more inclined to act, talk and behave as though they were of the higher socioeconomic status group in order to conform to it. Similarly, age and ethnicity is also inclined to put forth pressure strong enough to modify ones mind-set and behavior. For instance, if a younger person happens to be in the presence of older individuals, he/she is more inclined to act older than when they are with their peers (McLeod, 2007; n.p.). References Cherry, K. 2016. The Asch Experiment: Understanding conformity in groups, [online] Available at: https://www.verywell.com/the-ashc-conformity-experiments-2794996 [Accessed 5 August 2016]. McLeod, S.A. 2007. The Milgram Experiment, [online] Available at: www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html [Accessed 5 August 2016]. Morris, W., and Miller, R. n.d. the effects of consensus-breaking and consensus-pre-empting partners in conformity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, p. 215 223. Unknown Author. 2016. The Asch Experiment: The Power of Peer Pressure. Boundless Sociology. [online] Available at: https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/social-groups-and-organization-6/group-dynamics-57/the-asch-experiment-the-power-of-peer-pressure-356-3293/ [Accessed 5 August 2016].

Child Centered Approach Essay Example

Child Centered Approach Essay Child Centered Learning The student knows more than the teacher about what he has learnt even if he knows less about what was taught. (Peter Elbow) It is also referred as L] child centered pedagogy, CLC child centered education, C] child centered teaching 0 student centered teaching CLC or student centre learning. Child centered learning approach is a philosophy, not a methodology which is why there are so many different approaches and no two classrooms applying it will look the same. Child centered learning: The teacher challenges the children in a safe and respectful manner to develop (together and individually) their own lotions to problems given, thus encouraging cooperation, the development of life skills, their analyzing power, their capacity to organize themselves. From the definition: C]The children feel safe, encouraged, happy and empowered in school, and have more fun; their performances rise significantly and the drop out rates decline even more. L]Child centered learning approach is empathetically problem and process oriented Lot focuses on the needs of the students, rather than those of others involved in the educational process, such as teachers and administrators. Learning theories and theorists (This approach is influenced): We will write a custom essay sample on Child Centered Approach specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Child Centered Approach specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Child Centered Approach specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Strangers on a Train Motifs essays

Strangers on a Train Motifs essays Alfred Hitchcocks, Strangers on a Train reinforces the duality of human nature and effectively transforms a highly improbable situation into a series of logical events, which lead to murder. Hitchcock has constructed most of the events in this particular movie around the idea of twos in regard to his film technique (crosscutting/match cuts) as well as a number of references to doubles (shoes in the opening scene) throughout Strangers on a Train. A great deal occurs in pairs in this film. These twos act as an integral part of the films plot. Furthermore, there are a number of reoccurring symbols or motifs in the film that go hand in hand with the idea of duality. In my section of this web project I am going to elaborate on a number of scenes from the film and provide evidence to support my various arguments regarding the idea of pairs. Youd like your wife killed, wouldnt you? Ill do it for you if youll kill someone for me, and since were strangers well be free of suspicion. The film, Strangers on a Train is an extremely slick, psychological thriller that succeeds in tackling blackmail, murder and issues of taboo sexuality. This film is definitely one of Alfred Hitchcocks best in that it reinforces the duality of human nature and effectively transforms a highly improbable situation into a series of logical events, which lead to murder. Hitchcock has constructed most of the events in this particular movie around the idea of twos in regard to his film technique (cross-cutting/match cuts) as well as the number of references to doubles (shoes in the opening scene) throughout Strangers on a Train. So much occurs in pairs in this film. These twos act as an integral part of the films plot. For example, Tennis star Guy Haines hates his adulterous, soon-to-be At the same time, Bruno Anthony hates his father but is afr ...

Consumption and Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consumption and Environment - Essay Example Human habitats are being plundered of their natural resources base. Air and water pollution is rampant in all industrialized cities of the world. PPM (particulate matter per cubic meter of air) is alarmingly high, and is no more fit for human breathing. The COD, BOD levels in fresh water streams are quite low for survival of plant and animal life in waters. The soils are being badly damaged by excessive cropping. The precious animal and plants species are endangered. The CO2 level in the atmosphere is alarmingly high. Results are the global warming and climate change. Therefore unnecessary lust of a few people for consumption of food, clothes, fuel, energy and other scarcest resources has been resulting into poverty disease and death for many other fellow human beings. The rivers are gutted with filth, the air is laden with poisonous gases and soils are boiling with toxic materials. This situation is only due to greedily exploitation of forest, fossil fuels and food-based resources. The solution lies in finding the alternate resources that are cleaner in production, cheaper and efficient. Recycling projects are one of the solutions. Recycling Project: The sea beaches are always littered with different foodstuffs and their containers. This is called garbage or solid waste. This waste can be collected, separated and recycled for further use. The recycling project includes three main activities. Collection of organic wastes like wood, paper, food remains, plastic bottles, metal cans, glass, and bones. The collection needs proper gloves and storage containers. The separation includes, segregation of metal, glass, bones and food/paper stuff in separate containers. In this way you separate organic from inorganic waste. The organic waste is put in an airtight container and mixed with yeast. After 90 days the stuff converts into manure (natural fertilizer) and the liquid part of this can be used as a pesticide. The organic wastes are crushed and used in the factories for recycling.How is it connected to me I live an oil rich economy of a gulf state. Oil has become scarce fossil sources for exploitation. War on terror imposed by America on Iraq is in fact a desperate war for the oil resources in the gulf. This war has been doing more harm to the environment than any other factor. A lot of fossil oil has been burnt. Seas are filled with the oil spillage and fish have been dead. This is very cruel. I feel sorry to see the vast exploitation of these resources. A recycling project can save the environment. Vast beaches on the red sea are suitable for the recycling project. How is it connected to my culture Bahrain is an oil rich economy, a small gulf state surrounded by red sea. People per capita income are quite high. Therefore their consumption patterns are also quite unreasonable People do not care about wastage of energy. The use cars and fuel base appliances excessively. This situation irks me a lot. I want to give the better shape to mother earth. Since child hood I see that people are spendthrift. This is causing degeneration to our water resources. This situation must be reversed. Recycling project can help this situation. This alternate solution of energy production is strange to my people. They can become used to it as they experience these windmills by themselves. What specific

Causes and Effects of Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Obesity - Essay Example The first cause of obesity relates to bad eating habits, as the food which we incorporate is the main determinant of our body mass. The trend of junk foods nowadays results in the incorporation of the bad fats in the body. The bad food choices resulting due to the advertisements attracting the people towards the products cause long terms effects, the most important of which is obesity. Also, lack of awareness amongst individuals in related to the poor eating habits, i.e. fats are basically of two main kinds; the saturated fats and the unsaturated fats. The saturated fats are the ones which are difficult for the body to break, and these are facts which are the main causes of obesity. (Wexler 2010) Secondly, the unhealthy lifestyle is also the sole determinant of the level of obesity. Our food intake won`t be as big of an issue if the fats are broken down properly, otherwise, fats incorporate in the bodies of the individuals. The trend of video games and the maximum activities over internet and computer results in the lack of strenuous activities amongst individuals. Thus, the body loses momentum, also lacks flexibility in the long run. Thus, when fats won`t be broken, they would definitely start accumulating under the skin resulting in obesity. Lastly, one of the main causes of obesity also lies in the emotional imbalances of individuals (Mocan 2009). Stress and other emotional issues found amongst individuals results in the hormonal imbalances. These hormonal imbalances result in the further distortion in the eating habits and the differences in the blood pressures. In the long term, it results in an increased obesity level. Analyzing the results or in other words the effects of the obesity, three main causes can be traced.

Shanghai from Colonial to Postcolonial Research Paper

Shanghai from Colonial to Postcolonial - Research Paper Example Further, the Americans, French, Germans, British and Russia came in to set their distinctive Western Style banks, mansions and trading houses leaving behind the long-lasting architectural legacy. The Japanese conquered China with an intension of capturing Shanghai in 1937. Further, the Jews again came in Shanghai to flee persecution that later made them to be forced to ghettoes by the Japanese in 1941 (Pott Web). Later in 1943, the Chinese and the Japanese surrounded all the foreigners in Shanghai and matched them off to various prison campgrounds. In connection to this, the Britain and the U.S.A were forced to sign the treaty to return the various settlements to Shanghai but under the Chinese rule. In 1949, the Communists came to Shanghai to rule. During these periods, the city remained a major industrial Centre boosting the population. Industrialization increased and several high buildings were constructed that further raised the population of Shanghai making the city to grow rich (Pott Web). In 1983, the Shanghai Museum was found and Oriental Pearl Tower was put up then followed by the Mao Tower in 1999. The People Liberation Army under the new People Republic of China to ok control of Shanghai that led to most foreigners to move their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong due to the Communist victory. The lower stretches of River Yangtze that’s runs through the city of Shanghai deposits lots of mud to its bay creating beautiful alluvial plain features. The River flow of the Yangtze, tides and wind has equally contributed to the formation of the alluvial plain including the present Yangtze River Delta (Pott Web). Shanghai delta on the East tip covers an approximate area of 6, 340.5 square kilometers that contributes to 2, 448.1 square miles. The Shanghai city lies on the altitude of three to five meters that is relatively made up of soft and loose soil. The city is made up of

People Employed For Shift Work Social Work Essay

People Employed For Shift Work Social Work Essay Over the last decade in India , boom in the IT and the BPO sector brought about an increase in the number of people employed for shift work . Employers face tough competition from other companies and the global business environment . In order to increase productivity and to make themselves available to employers and consumers based abroad , many companies work round the clock and have made provisions for night shift work . Increase in job opportunities in this sector has also given rise to dual earner families and more women entering the work force , working in day shifts as well as non standard work hours . This paper focuses on women who work in the night shift . While night shift jobs may have its perks and financial benefits , there are many disadvantages that add to the stress of the daily life of the employees . To explain night shift schedule , it can be defined as work schedule that is full time , extending after midnight with atleast 8hours and 5 days work , which means that the employees are expected to work in the dark and sleep during the day , bringing in major alterations to their life styles and the life styles of those living with them . Night shift work can vary in terms of fixed or rotating patterns . In a fixed schedule , the employee works in the night shift on a permanent basis , where as in a rotating schedule , the employee alters between day shifts , evening and night shifts depending on the arrangements made by the employers . Physical and mental Health There have been numerous studies conducted to examine the effects night shift work has on health , sleep , circadian rhythms and mental health . Findings from research studies that explore health disorders of shift workers stated that there is a relationship between certain medical disorders and shift work . Evidence stated that heart and gastro intestinal problems and complications in pregnancy outcomes , ulcers were some of the medical disorders commonly faced by shift workers (Knuttson 2003 ) .A study conducted on nurses working in 2 the night shift reported that shift workers have a higher prevalence of physiological problems like digestion problems caused by change in eating patterns, inadequate sleep , fatigue , colds , muscle pains , cramps and heart problems . Disturbance to the normal sleep cycle or the circadian rhythms is likely to cause shift work sleep disorder (SWSD), especially when employees are working in the night shift for prolonged periods . Insomnia and excessive sleepiness while working non standard schedules are the primary signs of SWSD . Desire to take short naps , dozing off while at work , shorter and lowered quality of sleep , poor work performance , reduced mental accuracy are some of the negative effects brought about by SWSD , which inturn leads to the expression of psychological syptoms like irritability , anger , erratic mood and depression . A study conducted on dairy workers in India working in the night shift examined stress levels , health and mood states and provided evidence that night shift workers face higher work stress , negative mental health outcomes and life stress . Role over load , increased work -home conflict , role ambiguity were significant indicators of increased stress levels and mood states . Findings also indicated that night shift work did increase physcial , physiological , psychological and social problems when compared to day shift workers (Srivastava , 2010 ) . There has been an upsurge of interest in studying mental health effects of shift workers .Early research studies have shown evidence that night shift work is associated with depression . Findings from a study that examined the effects of physical health and mental depression due to night shift in nurses revealed that disruption in the circadium rhythm has a direct influence on physical health and depression , reducing quality of life and affecting work performance and social relations . Another model in this study suggested that job schedule limited participation in social activities , affecting social and personal life leading to depression . (Skipper Jung , 1990 ) . Burn out , lethargy , exhaustion , irritability , anger or psychological symptoms like irritability , depression not only affect personal well being , 3 but can also affect ones social life and satisfaction of their marital relationship (Fam , Econ Iiss , 2007) . The negative consequences that affect physical , psychological , psychosocial well being can seep into the workers marriage , reducing the quality , stability and satisfaction of marital relationship adding to existing stressors . Since this paper focuses on marital satisfaction of night shift workers and the strategies they use to make their marriage work , the definition of marital satisfaction will help gain an understanding as to what this paper purports to examine and the aspects that need to be considered . According to Stone (2007) Marital satisfaction reflects a mental state of percieved benefits and costs of a marriage to a particular person . The more costs the partner inflicts on a person , the less satisfied one generally is with their marriage and with their marriage partner . Similarly the greater the percieved benefits are , the more satisfied one is with their marriage and their marriage partner . Some of the components that come under marital satisfaction would be leisure time spent together , communication , conflict resolution etc . But the challenges that shift workers have to face in their marriage is to face new demands posed due to their work schedule . This would involve them to make ad justments on the home front , especially for female employees , since they have added roles and responsibilities to perform . For a marriage to work , one of the important aspects of marital satisfaction is leisure time spent together . But for a night shift worker , because of the work schedule , quality time and the quality of leisure time spent together would be lower . Quality time would involve the married partners to indulge in favoured activities and pursue shared interests . Weekends seem to be the only time workers could indulge in leisure time with their partners . For a night shift worker , weekends would be used to recuperate from the weeks stress , which could lead to lowered quality of leisure time spent together . Leisure satisfaction especially if the leisure activities performed are favoured by the couple is related to marital satisfaction (Heather , Zabriskie , Hill Brian , 2009) Also , Contribution to 4 leisure time by night shift workers in their marriage would be less because of the disruption between the workers time off and the familys time off . Work would come in the way of some of the familys rituals , for which the worker would be absent or too tired to be part of , like being present at the table at meal times , going out together , attending community events etc . The worker would either be working into the night or would be sleeping and recuperating from work . Social and community life . Since most community and social activities take place in the evening , a night shift employee would probably find difficulty in making time for such events. While weekends provide time to engage in social activities , a night shift employee might be too tired and may not be able to give in fully to social activities as their schedule and life style causes inconvenience to enjoy a social life and for the couple to participate in community activities . In a study that was conducted on families of workers working a modern shift roster , 67.2% of employees reported that night shift work frequently intervened in their social life . This could result in the worker having poor social support in the long run , unless the worker can maintain a balance between work and time for socialization . Social support also helps improve a persons psychological state , their mood and feelings about themselves . Women shift workers challenges . A changing work force has led to an increase in women entering the work force and women opting for non standard work schedule , challenging traditional roles that women held and bringing about changes in family dynamics . The challenges that a woman shift worker has to face is to fulfill multiple roles ie to fulfill family and role obligations , needs and expectations of the family , fulfill social obligations by being part of community activities and fulfill responsibilities at the work front . Women face more role strain when compared to men as a result , night shift work exacerbates and intensifies the stress that women employees have 5 to face . For a married woman night shift worker maintaining work to home balance and reducing work-home conflict would be a major hurdle . Cambridge dictionary defines work-home balance as the amount of time you spend doing the job compared with the amount of time you spend with your family and doing things you enjoy . Shift work is linked with work-home conflict and this conflict is faced more by women when compared to men (Tuttle Garr , 2012) . Barnett and Baruch ( 1985 ) define.role balance as rewards minus concerns , more rewards recieved from a particular role and less concerns experienced would lead to a positive role qualtiy where in lower levels of role conflicts,role overload and anxiety is faced . Considering that employed women working the night shift face role strain , rewards recieved in one of the roles could reduce role conflict and stress and increase well being . If family support is one of the positive role quality on the home front , it is likely that job involvement and control over job would increase . Following role theory , Greenhaus (2003) in his theory of work-home balance , describes work home balance as a continuum where in imbalance in family role lies on one end and balance in work role lies at the other . Greenhaus theory on work family enrichment includes three concepts . Time balance ie equal time invested , Involvement balance ie psychological effort and physical presence expressed and Satisfaction balance ie rewards and satisfaction recieved from both work and family front . Frone (2003) views work-family balance as bi directional . Engaging in one role or domain can either create conflicts or enhances the other domains . Involvement in the family role can either enhance the work domain or create conflicts in the work domain and involvement in work domain can wither create conflicts or enhance the family domain . Stress . Bodenmann ( 2005 ) defines stress as a dyadic phenomenon which involves common 6 concerns , emotional intimacy between the partners and maintaining a close relationship . Dyadic stress concerns a stressful event which confronts the couple , the source of stress could be external , originating between the couple like job stress , culture , society , other relations etc , or could be internal , originating within one of the partners or when the stress of one of the partners seeps into relationship . The impact stress has on one couple will be different for another . It is therefore important to take into consideration the locus of stress , duration and intensity of stress . The locus of stress could either be external or internal . When there is an interaction between the social environment and the couples relationship causing conflicts and internal stress originates within the couple relationship like job stress , personal needs and desires etc .Intensity of stress can be either major or minor and can be measured based on the impact the stressor has had on the relationship and the duration of stress can be seen as acute or chronic ie temporary or prolo nged Bodenmanns stress divorce model analyses the effects minor daily stressors , acute or chronic in nature , on stability and functioning of marital relationships . External stressors , those coming outside the couple system can prove to be more damaging to relationships . such external stressors are usually outside of couples conscious awareness and are minor stressors (time spent together , communication) and not major (critical life events), causing mutual alienation over time , if the stressor is persistent , causing dissatisfaction with the marital relationship ,eventually leading to divorce . According to Bodenmann , external stressors cause impact on marital relationships by decreasing the amount of time spent together so that there are fewer joint expereiences between the couple leading to a lowered feeling of togetherness , poor coping at times of stress . This would eventually lead to a poorer quality of communication and interaction . Interaction between the couple would be largely negative , driving the couple to withdrawing from each other . These stressors leading to deterioration in the quality and stability of 7 marriage would later increase risk of physical and psychological problems like trouble sleeping , sexual dysfunction etc . The impact and reaction to these stressors would eventually lead to negative expression of emotions between the couple like anger , anxiety , increasing conflicts . This entire process would lead to couples alienating and withdrawing from each other . The situation they have landed themselves in would lead to marital disatisfaction , eventually leading to divorce if the problem persists . Bodenmanns model can be applied to a shift workers marriage . Since night shift schedule makes it inconvenient for the couple to indulge in shared experiences and quality time . The job schedule and stress from the job can be seen as a stressor that doesnt permit quality time between the couple . The couple might feel that the amount of time spent together is less eventually leading to poor quality of interaction . When joint experiences shared are lower and the amount of interaction between the couple is low , there could be instances when one of the partner feels lonely and might percieve that the quality of their marriage is deteriorating leading to expression of negative emotions like anger , frustration , sadness . Eventually appraising their marriage as dissatisfying . The effects that shift work has on the physical and mental health of workers can seep into their marital relationships . They sleep during the day when the entire household is active which disturbs their sleep adding to marital distress . Psychological symptoms like irritability , depression can bring down the level of satisfaction of their marriage . Since they feel tired and fatigued frequently , engaging in leisure activities with their spouses becomes difficult . With there being hardly any time for contact , communication becomes difficult between the spouses , which is essential in a relationship . There are many problems that night shift work poses to a workers marriage . This study seeks to find strategies that workers who are satisfied in their marriages use to overcome problems induced by night shift work . 8 Rationale : There have been studies conducted to understand and analyse the impact shift work has on the lives of employees , their physical and mental health , social life and their families .With many of the problems faced by shift workers being covered , this study seeks to gain insight into what makes a shift workers marriage work and explores strategies they use to make their marriage work and to study how night shift employees maintain work home balance . 9 Review of literature Following studies discussed analyze the effects shift work has on health , general well being , and on marital relations . This study analyses the impact that non standard work hours versus standard work hours has on marital satisfaction in five domains which are global distress , problem solving communication , time together , sexual dissatisfaction and affective communication , measured by marital satisfaction inventory , which is a 280 item questionaire that assesses certain domains of marital satisfaction .30 employees who worked the day shift and 20 night shift employees at Western Union in New jersey were selected for the study . The research was built around 5 hypotheses . Hypotheses 1 predicted that day shift workers when compared with non day shift workers would display higher levels of marital satisfaction . Hypotheses 2 predicts that day shift workers would express better problem solving communication and there would be fewer conflicts in their marriage when compared to non day shift workers . Hypotheses 3 predicted that the time spent in quality and leisure time by day shift workers with thei r spouses would be higher when compared to non day shift workers . Hypotheses 4 predicts that day shift workers would experience higher levels of sexual satisfaction with their spouses when compared to non day shift workers .Hypotheses 5 predicted that day workers would be more content in their marriage because of the affection and understanding provided by their spouses . ( Lauf-Goldstein ,1990) research findings could not support the predictions of any of the hypotheses . Unlike many other studies on shiftworks influence on marriage , this study proved that there was not much difference in marital satisfaction between day shift and non day shift workers. The study summarises the effects and consequences of shift work while discussing some of the benefits of shift work ( Finn ,1981). The information for this article is derived from many of the studies conducted on employees who work non standard hours in and 10 outside the U.S.A . Some may accept night shift work because of lack of job opportunities while some would use their night shift work schedule as an opportunity to hold a part time day job as well or pursue education during the day . Night shift work also provides for financial incentives and accomodates employees who function better at night than during the day . The drawbacks are that it takes a toll on ones health , interfering with the normal sleep cycle and reducing the quality of sleep and appetite and causing physical and emotional problems . On the job accidents would also rise if the employees would have to handle machinery . In terms of family life , shift workers experience more work home conflict because of the discrepency between the workers time off and the spouses time off . The workers spouse would have to adjust to the shift workers job schedule and would have to alter their patterns to their working spouses atypical pattern inorder to be able to spend quality time for leisure , meals and recreation . This would take a toll on the mental and physical health of the shift workers spouse especially if theyre working the day shift . The time a shift worker gets to spend time with family could also be poor in quality because they experience fatigue and sleepiness and would find difficulty in carrying out normal activities with their spouses or would show less interest in attending social events or go out together to spend quality time . Sexual activity is another aspect that is interfered by night shift work .In terms of social life , it becomes difficult for a shift worker to attend events for which theyre invited by their friends . It becomes difficult for the spouse to plan any social activity before hand . From this article it becomes evident that shift work impairs ones physical and mental health , their family life , job safety and social life . A study conducted in Netherlands examines the effects non standard shifts have on partnership quality through semi structured interviews . Findings reveal that women were more dissatisfied with varying hours , especially if they had children , as it created stress 11 when compared to men . Men found varying hours more comfortable for tag team parenting . The research explored into the relationship between non standard hours and its effects on marriage . The results indicated a weak link between non standard shift and relationships indicating that non standard work hours did not reduce relationship quality. The study also found that partner support in families with night shift workers , expressed more satisfaction with their relationship which reduced the negative effects that non standard work has on relationships ( Mills Kadri , 2010) . This study assessed both percieved family well being and stressors influenced by non standard work schedule in two studies (Kelly , Amy David , 2008). The goal of this study was to assess work-family spill over and whether the spill over was positive or negative and if working non standard work hours decreased marital instability . The study was conducted on 1166 people aged between 25 74 . Findings of the study revealed that night shift work increased marital instability and also increased negative work home spill over , which are the attitudes , experiences of work transferred to home . Since night shift work can come in the way of ones sleep cycle causing fatigue and stress , the stress gets carried into the workers family life .Stress increases with the presence of a child at home since workers have the added responsibililty to care for the child and causes stress at a daily level . This study investigates the association between shift work and family satisfaction and goes a step further by including people from different work backgrounds into their sample instead of analysing people from one company or a particular type of work . This study also examines different categories of shift from day , evening , night , rotating to split shift and hypothesises that workers experience family satisfaction in degrees , with satisfaction being higher for day shift and lessens as it progresses towards split shift . The study also examines the relationship between the number of work hours , job autonomy and nature of job on family satisfaction . Findings indicated that being in a non standard , non flexible job reduced 12 family satisfaction , especially for evening and night shift workers (Davis , Goodman , Piretti Almeida , 2008). The study also revealed that job autonomy and the nature of the job and work atmosphere resulted in high family satisfaction , since work family spillover would be less . 168 fire personnel from 3 working shifts were part of this study . The purpose of this study was to examine the effects that the 3 types of shift work has on emotional exhaustion as it pertains to work family conflict and social support (Jonathon Halbesleben , 2009). The subjects were made to complete measures on emotional exhaustion , work family conflict and support and demographic controls .The study revealed that work to home conflict increases when the shift work is more demanding and when time spent at home is less . This work home conflict can also contribute to emotional exhaustion in fire fighters . The support that an employee recieves from ones family can break down the stress that an employee faces at night shift work . The study suggests that the schedule should make allowance for the employees to be able to spend more time at home , so that with quality time spent with family could lead to building emotional support for the night shift employee . This research study examines the relationship between shift work and work to family fit . The study hypothesis that employees working in the non standard shift would have poor work to family fit when compared to those employees working in the day shift or flexible hours and also examines if negative work home spillover would be less if the employees had control over their work schedule . The study took 2008 national study of workforce to examine the influence shift work has over employees . (Tuttle Garr 2012) indicated that shift work did largely influence work home conflict , especially in female employees even if the control over shift schedule was more . In the case of men , the results revealed that men had less work to family conflict when they had a greater control over their schedule . 13 This study examines the effects of shift work on marital quality on six domains . Marital happiness , interaction , disagreements , general problems , sexual problems and child related problems (White Keith 1990) . National panel of 1668 men and women were interviewed.. The result revealed that shift work does have a negative impact on marriage . Every domain that the study examined were also affected negatively due to shift work . This study investigates the effects night shift has on marital relations (Messer , 1992) . 65 married men , with 19 full time employees at grocery stores and 46 full time employees of the southern california state departments were chosen for the study.. The employees worked consistent morning , evening , night and rotating shifts . Marital satisfaction inventory was used to assess the level of marital satisfaction / distress . Findings revealed that night shift workers experienced higher work home conflict when compared to day shift workers . The study predicted that people working in consistent day shifts , evening shift , night shift ,and inconsistent rotating shifts would experience different levels of job satisfaction . The results suggest that employees working different shifts express different levels of job satisfaction , with rotating shift workers being most dissatisfied with their work schedule because of the inconsistency of the work schedule . The impact of different timings of work and rotating shift on Work home conflict , job satisfaction and health among the military police is the focus of the study . The study was conducted on 3122 Dutch military police . (Demerouti , Sabine , Arnold Euwema , 2004) revealed that non day shift work resulted in work home conflicts . The findings also revealed that employees from the rotating shifts experienced low job satisfaction since it is inconsistent . Consistency in the timing of shift even if its a non standard work hour didnt result in low job satisfaction when compared to rotating shifts , but only incr eased work home conflict . An article in hindustan times reports that night shift work can disrupt ones life in many ways . David maumes research on the effects of shift work on marriage suggests that 14 both men and women feel that night shift work affects and strains their marital relations . Women are more affected than men by shift work due to role strain . It becomes difficult for them to manage time and to fulfill responsibilites at home , engage with their family members and care for them when compared to men causing strain in their marriage and increasing work -home conflict . The study is built around three themes .Economic trade offs , family routines and emotional adjustments (Handy ,2010) . With night shift work comes financial benefits . In many families , the members have to adjust around the shift workers routines and patterns , spouses would have to give up their own jobs so as to manage family life . Financial benefits comes in handy , making it comfortable to rely on the shiftworker while the spouse takes care of the family , resorting to traditional family roles .the study also focuses on emotional health of the shift worker . The physiological and psychological effects of shift work could take a toll on ones emotional well being In terms of family routines , the workers had little knowledge of the family routines , since the spouse takes prmary responsibilty to ensure that the family members rituals fall in line with the workers . This shows the amount of effort spouses expend to make the marriage work and play a part in reducing work to home c onflicts Psychopathological symptoms caused by night shift work and its influence on the quality of life of health workers is examined in this study (Dusunen ,2010) . 45 nurses working the night shift were the sample for this study . Symptom checklist and short form 36 was used to measure psychopathological symptoms and quality of life . Night shift nurses reported higher scores for somatization , obsessive compulsive , interpersonal sensitivity , anxiety , paranoid ideation and global severity scores than day shift workers . Shift work also reduced the quality of life and the night shift nurses scored higher on pain and physical function . The studys implications were to improve the quality of life of the nurses by adjusting their work schedule , keeping in mind the influence night shift has on their 15 psychological state. While most studies indicate that night shift work can reduce marital satisfaction and increase work home conflict , there are few studies which have proved that night shift work doesnt affect marital relationships . Employees with better control over their schedule and job autonomy and job satisfaction showed having a better family life and marital satisfaction as work home conflict is less . Greenhaus and powell (2006) came up with a theory called work to family enrichment , a concept that explains that being able to manage time , carrying over the positive mood from work back home and using networks from work to help their families lessened work to home conflict . Some studies also indicate the possibility that couples working the night shift score high on marital satisfaction because they already have conflicts with their spouses , not induced by working the night shift . They find night shift work convenient as they can avoid conflicts at home and interacting with their partner s . 16 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents results in a tabular format following content analysis . The responses were coded , categorized and placed under a broad category of themes . Following each table expansive responses as examples are provided by the participants , representing each theme . Analysis . Content analysis for the first question Mention some of the advantages of working in the night shift revealed 5 themes and are mentioned in a table below . 20 Table 1.Mention some of the advantages of working in the night shift Category Sub categories Number of responses Advantages of night shift. More pay 5 Travelling easier 4 Find time for chores 3 Husband has experience 2 in the same field. The second most frequent theme which accounted for 40% of the responses is easy commuting while working in the night shift . Respondent 9 stated that , Respondent 3 stated that travel time to office and back home is less and the roads are relatively empty while getting out says respondent 8 . Travelling to and from work becomes more convenient as traffic will be smooth and the stress involved in travelling 21 reduces considerably. 30% of the participants responses falls under a category termed as Find time for chores . These participants find night shift work favourable as it allows time to complete chores during the day . The following response given by respondent 9 will help describe this theme . Table 2 Can you list the problems you face working in the night shift Category Sub category Frequency of responses Disadvantages of night shift. Less time with partner 15 Health issues 14 Partner frustrated. 4 Worries about having a baby. 4 Normal routine affected 4 22 Relationships and friendships 2 affected. Analysis for this question revealed 6 themes under the category Disadvantages of night shift. The most apparent theme seen as a disadvantage of

Baldwin and the Nation of Islam Essay examples -- James Baldwin

Baldwin and the Nation of Islam The Nation of Islam impacted many African American people during its time. This Black Muslim nation not only requested, but demanded and required basic teachings which included racial separation, white devilry, and the coming Armageddon. None of these basic teachings supported James Baldwin’s perceptions. It was Baldwin’s view of pitying the white man for their lack of not being able to see through the color line and to embrace differences that whites and blacks held together to create a better, inexorable, and supreme nation. The Nation of Islam felt no pity for the whites or, as they would call them, devils. Neither would the Muslims embrace their differences from other races, but actually want to keep them divided. Although Baldwin is not confident as to where or to whom he belongs to, Baldwin is certain that a black nation separated from all other races will only separate blacks from the future of a better nation and keep them from further developing as a community. Born in Georgia, the leader of the Nation of Islam was a man named Elijah Muhammad. He has often been portrayed as a saint by his peers, but during World War II, Elijah Muhammad expressed support for Japan, on the basis of its being a nonwhite country, and was jailed for sedition. On August 24, 1946 Muhammad was released from prison in Milan, Michigan. According to the journal named The Black Scholar by Claude Clegg, Muhammad’s time at Milan had done more for him than ever before and after his release, Muhammad had unquestionably become â€Å"the premier martyr of the Muslims† (Clegg 49). From his speeches on the radio and in newspapers, Muhammad was also thought of by many people as a fierce man, one of thes... ...munity can arise. Baldwin believes that our own separate houses are burning and asks himself: â€Å"do I really want to be integrated into a burning house?† (Baldwin 340). It has since been time that we all move into the anticipating house down the street, and together we can help make its future grow into a bigger and brighter one. Works Cited Kihss, Peter. â€Å"In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States.† New York Times 23 Apr 1961: 1. Baldwin, James. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955 James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84. Kihss, Peter. â€Å"Negro Extremist Groups Step Up Nationalist Drive.† New York Times 1 March 1961: 2. Clegg, Claude Andrew. â€Å"Rebuilding the Nation: The Life and Work of Elijah Muhammad.† 1996 The Black Scholar. Vol. 26 Issue  ¾, 49-59. Baldwin and the Nation of Islam Essay examples -- James Baldwin Baldwin and the Nation of Islam The Nation of Islam impacted many African American people during its time. This Black Muslim nation not only requested, but demanded and required basic teachings which included racial separation, white devilry, and the coming Armageddon. None of these basic teachings supported James Baldwin’s perceptions. It was Baldwin’s view of pitying the white man for their lack of not being able to see through the color line and to embrace differences that whites and blacks held together to create a better, inexorable, and supreme nation. The Nation of Islam felt no pity for the whites or, as they would call them, devils. Neither would the Muslims embrace their differences from other races, but actually want to keep them divided. Although Baldwin is not confident as to where or to whom he belongs to, Baldwin is certain that a black nation separated from all other races will only separate blacks from the future of a better nation and keep them from further developing as a community. Born in Georgia, the leader of the Nation of Islam was a man named Elijah Muhammad. He has often been portrayed as a saint by his peers, but during World War II, Elijah Muhammad expressed support for Japan, on the basis of its being a nonwhite country, and was jailed for sedition. On August 24, 1946 Muhammad was released from prison in Milan, Michigan. According to the journal named The Black Scholar by Claude Clegg, Muhammad’s time at Milan had done more for him than ever before and after his release, Muhammad had unquestionably become â€Å"the premier martyr of the Muslims† (Clegg 49). From his speeches on the radio and in newspapers, Muhammad was also thought of by many people as a fierce man, one of thes... ...munity can arise. Baldwin believes that our own separate houses are burning and asks himself: â€Å"do I really want to be integrated into a burning house?† (Baldwin 340). It has since been time that we all move into the anticipating house down the street, and together we can help make its future grow into a bigger and brighter one. Works Cited Kihss, Peter. â€Å"In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States.† New York Times 23 Apr 1961: 1. Baldwin, James. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955 James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84. Kihss, Peter. â€Å"Negro Extremist Groups Step Up Nationalist Drive.† New York Times 1 March 1961: 2. Clegg, Claude Andrew. â€Å"Rebuilding the Nation: The Life and Work of Elijah Muhammad.† 1996 The Black Scholar. Vol. 26 Issue  ¾, 49-59.

Ned Kelly Essay

Ned Kelly Kelly was twelve when his father died, and he was subsequently required to leave school to take on the new position as head of the family. Shortly after this, the Kellys moved to Glenrowan. As a teenager, Ned became involved in petty crimes, regularly targeting the wealthy landowners. The story goes that Ned Kelly was influenced to become a bushranger. His family was not particularly liked by the law, and so when he was persecuted by a few of the policemen, he reacted and decided to become an outlaw. He figured that if he was going to be charged for something, he would give them a real reason. Kelly became a protege to another bushranger, Harry Power who was a notorious bushranger of Victoria, originally transported to Van Diemen’s Land in 1841 for stealing shoes. Upon his release, he continued his life of crime, which landed him in Pentridge Gaol. He became a bushranger when he escaped from Pentridge in 1869. At first he worked solo, but decided after while that he would like an accomplice. A friend of his named Jack Lloyd had a nephew, Ned Kelly, just 15 years old and already embittered by frequent run-ins with the police. Lloyd recommended the young Ned Kelly to Harry Power. Power became a mentor to Ned Kelly, taking him on as an apprentice in 1870, and teaching him the finer points of bush ranging. Ned Kelly gradually progressed to crimes of increasing seriousness and violence, including bank robbery and murder, soon becoming a hunted man. A lot of people think of Ned Kelly as a cold blooded killer and a criminal. Ned was in trouble from a young age, he robbed banks and the ones he killed, and he stole horses and ran away from the police. His family were thought to be wild and reckless and where ever Ned went he took hostages. He got his friends into his mess, got Joe Byrne to kill one of his best friends, Aaron and he had a deadly accurate shot with a revolver or rifle. He was someone to be afraid of. But then again†¦ Through it all, Ned emerges as a incredibly courageous individual , as he did from the mist at Glenrowan, dressed in his famous suit of armour, for his extraordinary last stand. A  special 60 minutes episode showed that 91% of those who voted believed that Ned wasn’t given a fair trial. Others think he has a victim of a vicious system. In his very brief life he became an Australian legend. Ned only killed in self defence, when he was 9 he risked his life to save a boy from drowning, he had to become the father of the family at a young age. He was punished for things he didn’t do and was victimized by the police. He gave to the poor and he would do anything for the ones he loved. His last wish was for the police to let his Mum go, since she was in jail for something she didn’t do. Ned was self-educated and very loyal to his friends, family and supporters and had a good sense of humour. His mocking courage never deserted him and to be as game as Ned Kelly is to have the ultimate bravery. He was and still is a hero. I think he was hero but it’s up to you to choose what you think. Make sure you read all the facts before you judge him. Just like the saying don’t judge a book by its cover! It is not true that Ned Kelly only killed in self-defence. He was a cold-blooded killer who willingly murdered policemen and others who betrayed him (this is hardly self-defence). He most certainly planned to murder most of the policemen travelling to Glenrowan by train, by causing the train’s derailment.

Free Essays on Kants Categorical Imperative

, act as if your action could be a universal law that applies to everyone, at all times. Kant gives four examples that show how certain duties can apply to the categorical imperative. In each case, individuals... Free Essays on Kant's Categorical Imperative Free Essays on Kant's Categorical Imperative Kant starts out from the presumption that an action is moral only if it is good â€Å"in itself†. Moral actions must have pure motivations. Otherwise they would be based on some other motivation separate from the true goodness of the action. Also, moral action cannot be based on a goal. An action with no goal is good in itself and not just good because of a certain outcome. Kant emphasizes the idea that pure moral principles must be grasped a priori. Pure ideas are considered a priori and they are not based on our perception of things. All other things, however, are dependent on the circumstances. Kant describes two different kinds of principles, hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. â€Å"Hypothetical imperatives represent the practical necessity of a possible action as means to something else that is willed.† (87a) So a hypothetical imperative is something that has a motivation, and is aimed at a specific goal. Most of the things people do are hypothetical imperatives. For example, any skill a person might have and practice is aimed at some purpose, therefore it is a hypothetical imperative. â€Å"The categorical imperative would be an imperative that represented an action as necessary in itself without reference to another end-i.e., as objectively necessary.† (87b) Categorical imperatives are good in themselves and are not bases on specific goals and outcomes. Therefore, categorical imperatives are a priori concepts. It is difficult to judge whether someone has a motive other than a pure categorical imperative, so Kant has a universal law to validate it. The law Kant suggests is â€Å"Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature.† (89a) In other words, act as if your action could be a universal law that applies to everyone, at all times. Kant gives four examples that show how certain duties can apply to the categorical imperative. In each case, individuals...

Free Essays on The Early Cchooling Of Nicolas Vidal

The early schooling of Nicolas Vidal The outlaw, Nicolas Vidal, in Allende’s â€Å"The Preacher’s Wife† is a key player in a story story devout with good and evil characters. Nicolas like any other child was not born of the dark side. Young Vidal was a product of wicked treatment at an early age. Key events such as a bad omen, and his mothers’ child rearing skills, created Nicolas’ heart of evil. In this story are examples which support this theory. Nicolas’s mother, Juana the Forlorn, was a sick individual at best. She was a prostitute with no room for a child; as Nicolas was definitely not a planned pregnancy. Juana used several methods to try and abort her young child. These actions were sewing The seeds of non-love, while Nicolas was still in the womb. Little did she know, Ms. Forlorn was hardening her son’s soul, and making him jaded to love. He was ready to take The world on when he was first born. A profession of boxing would have been an Alternative career for someone who felt no pain like Nicolas. Nicolas is pursued by an evil omen starting at birth, and following him all his Days. It is this omen which finally helps him to end his life. When Nicolas is first born He has four nipples. This is a sign that a woman will be his undoing. Later in life he Consults the advise aof a soothsayer and she confirms his fate. Nicolas makes this Floyd 2 Prophecy true when he does not run away at the end of the story. He knows well the Soldiers will probably kill him on sight. Once again, Juana the Forlorn’s Parenting skills are in question. Besides trying to Kill Nicolas at birth, most importantly she did not show him love. A mother’s lo... Free Essays on The Early Cchooling Of Nicolas Vidal Free Essays on The Early Cchooling Of Nicolas Vidal The early schooling of Nicolas Vidal The outlaw, Nicolas Vidal, in Allende’s â€Å"The Preacher’s Wife† is a key player in a story story devout with good and evil characters. Nicolas like any other child was not born of the dark side. Young Vidal was a product of wicked treatment at an early age. Key events such as a bad omen, and his mothers’ child rearing skills, created Nicolas’ heart of evil. In this story are examples which support this theory. Nicolas’s mother, Juana the Forlorn, was a sick individual at best. She was a prostitute with no room for a child; as Nicolas was definitely not a planned pregnancy. Juana used several methods to try and abort her young child. These actions were sewing The seeds of non-love, while Nicolas was still in the womb. Little did she know, Ms. Forlorn was hardening her son’s soul, and making him jaded to love. He was ready to take The world on when he was first born. A profession of boxing would have been an Alternative career for someone who felt no pain like Nicolas. Nicolas is pursued by an evil omen starting at birth, and following him all his Days. It is this omen which finally helps him to end his life. When Nicolas is first born He has four nipples. This is a sign that a woman will be his undoing. Later in life he Consults the advise aof a soothsayer and she confirms his fate. Nicolas makes this Floyd 2 Prophecy true when he does not run away at the end of the story. He knows well the Soldiers will probably kill him on sight. Once again, Juana the Forlorn’s Parenting skills are in question. Besides trying to Kill Nicolas at birth, most importantly she did not show him love. A mother’s lo...

Wealth and Poverty in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wealth and Poverty in US - Essay Example Whether through being discovered for unknown talents, creating the next big invention, or because of a lottery win that will fill the coffers, every American might become one of the lucky many who become over night sensations and bath in champagne every night, except for one small problem – there is no truth in the myth. The land of opportunity has become a land of obstacles, mostly thrown in front of the middle class by those who see that their own profits will suffer if they support legislation that will empower the middle class once again and begin the process of lifting the lower classes out of their struggle and poverty. There was a point in Western life where working a descent job was possible from merely a secondary education and from that job it was possible to have cars, a house, and a one income family. Somewhere in the disparities that have come between pay and the cost of living this is not possible anymore. The world turned from one in which the struggle of the wo rker was turned around by unions to one which was turned back on itself so that the disparity between the very wealthy and the worker once again left hard working people drowning in debt and despair. It is not clear exactly when this shift began. It is clear that somewhere along the way workers were taught they would not likely be workers for very long and that in supporting the wealthier 1% they were in effect protecting themselves for the time when they would become a member of that elite group. The worker of the 21st century is just on his or her stopping point before great wealth comes or a shot at celebrity will propel them to a point where tax incentives of the rich will be theirs to enjoy. The worker is no longer respected for their ethic but driven down by insinuations that they are just not trying as hard as the rest of their peers. The story from recent history that best describes the problem of believing in the dream of becoming rich is described by the emergence of the R epublican supported character of Joe the Plumber from the 2008 Presidential Campaign. Wurzelbacher and Tabback wrote a book on Joe the Plumber about how he represented the average working class individual as he asked a question of President Obama before he won the race for President during his journey to Ohio. Joe the Plumber is described as â€Å"an American folk hero and the ultimate icon for the American class† (Wurzelbacher and Tabback 1). Joe created a scenario that padded his question with ideas about how the tax program that then Candidate Obama had in mind would affect him if he bought the company that he intended to buy. President Obama answered the question by showing him how the tax rates were intended to preserve the income of the workers, just like Joe, while providing for tax cuts for small businesses that made fewer than $250,000.00 per year. Joe felt this was not a good deal for him, despite how his realistic position was fully supported by the tax program. Ho wever, the question that he asked was predicated on the idea that he was going to purchase a company that would bring in between $250,000.00 and $280,000.00 per year. The fact was that ‘Joe’ was in no financial position to buy the company and as of the date of his question was not going to find the funds any time soon. While he was catapulted to fame and began to become a part of the political machine, in essence finding that pie in the sky dream, he was still one in a million. He was being used in order to create the idea that what is good for the wealthy is good for the working class and the poor

Canadian Courts and Criminal Trial Procedures Essay

Canadian Courts and Criminal Trial Procedures - Essay Example This fact has been affirmed by extensive research conducted by many organizations. The Law reforms commission of Canada addressed the jury selection process in its 1980 working paper The Jury in Criminal trials, and its 1982 Report, The jury. The Commissions basic conclusion was that no drastic revision of the process was called for (Granger, 153). "There is a good reason historic, political, intellectual, and pragmatic - to retain the jury system" (Law reforms commission of Canada) Furthermore, the protocols established through common law nullify the possibility of bias being induced into jurors. In R. v. Caldough, it was established that, any communications with jurors are to be considered an interference with justice (Granger, 157). This was further expanded on in R. v. Papineau, where the court ruled that such conduct was to be considered contempt of court, and obstruction of justice (Schreck, Web Source) These rules apply whether the juror has been sworn, discharged, or whether the prospective juror has just merely been summoned to serve. A violation of the rule can result in discharge, of the juror, a mistrial, a citation for contempt of court, or a criminal charge (Granger, 157). Also, "a juror must not only be impartial, but manifestly be seen to be impartial" (Granger, 158). These various protocols, while observed by some as extreme, ensure that jurors remain unbiased, and as such, provide the accused with a fair trial. Supplementing these protocols, counsels have the ability to ensure that the entire jury panel or individual jurors do not have predispositions on the case. Firstly, they can remove jurors that have been influenced by the media. The [counsel] may [also] challenge the jury panel only on the ground of partiality, fraud or willful misconduct on the part of the sheriff or other officer by whom the panel was returned. (C. C. C, s. 629(1)) Counsel can also challenge any number of individual jurors on grounds that the juror(s) is not indifferent between the crown and the defense, has been convicted of an offence, is an alien, is unable to, even with the services provided under section 627, perform properly the duties of a juror (C. C. C, s. 638(1)). Therefore, the presence of these procedures and protocols, prior to, during, and after the jury selection process, ensure that juries are as neutral as possible, and as such provide the fairest trial achievable to the accused. The jury system and trials by juries provide protections to numerous aspects of the Canadian justice system. Firstly, they provide Canadian citizens with protection against arbitrary and oppressive laws and law enforcement (Granger, 8), and in the process, help us make better laws that further promote peace and order. "Juries have been argued to be a check on the power of government, represented by prosecutors and judges" (Barro, 20). Jurors are a representation of the wants of the citizens, and as such, their findings in cases often encompass what the society expects from the law. In other words, they help bring what the common citizen wants from the laws, to the laws. Secondly, jury trials ensure us our civil liberties and fundamental freedoms