Law Enforcement and Citizen Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law Enforcement and Citizen Privacy - Essay Example This paper seeks to analyze and find out the effect that police have on crime. There are several conclusions that have emerged from the various studies made. One study showed that police deployment and level of crime had a reciprocal relationship. This implies that an increase say in the number of police means a reduction in crime while a reduction in the number of police encourages criminal activity. Another study revealed that though some scholars believe that increasing the number of police does not have any effect on crime levels, the truth is that it does reduce crime rates for specific criminal activities. The effect of increasing police numbers vary due to different factors such as the type of crime, police activities, environmental and social characteristics of an area (Ogilvie, Allard & Stewart, 2008). Aggressive patrols, which involve issuing citations, questioning or arresting suspicious and disorderly persons at a high rate tend to have direct and indirect effects on crime. The direct effect is that the patrols send a signal to potential offenders that their chances of arrest are higher than they are in reality. The indirect effect is that the police will be able to closely monitor citizens especially those that look suspicious. They will, therefore, have a high likelihood of finding fugitives, detecting contraband and arresting crime suspects (Sampson & Cohen, 1988). While analysts traditionally embrace the increase in police numbers as an effective way to prevent crime through deterrence and increased apprehension of suspects, empirical evidence does not support this idea. The opposition to this idea is based on the fact that not all police work focuses towards crime reduction. This means that while the police force my recruit more officers, these recruits may be deployed to departments that do not directly deal in crime prevention (Ogilvie, Allard & Stewart, 2008). A study conducted in the

Role of Stakeholder Essay Example for Free

Role of Stakeholder Essay An organization is made possible by its human component, its human capital. Sociologically speaking, a business or a company is a social group, secondary or referential in nature, made up of the people that consider themselves as members of the organization. Beyond membership however there is another human component. These are the stakeholders. Stakeholders are individuals and groups that can affect or be affected by the actions of the organization as a whole. The notion of stakeholders had been introduced in 1963 by the Stanford Research Institute to describe and explain the importance of considering and factoring into any plan or strategy elements and concerns that would affect â€Å"individuals or organizations who stand to gain or lose from the success or failure of a system† (Nuseibeh Easterbrook, 2000). Broadly, it means anyone who has an interest in any matter or element in the organizations purview. As an example, let us take a sample organization a school. So, who would be the stakeholders? First-off, its students, pupils, teachers and support staff. Then we have the parents of the children, their families, the school board and the greater Academic organization that oversees the school for the county and for the state. Then we have the community that the school is a part of (since the school is the academic and social training ground that shapes the behavior and knowledge of their young) and in the broader view, we have the greater society who will be affected by the actions of the school in that the children that it educates will take part in their adult life via the varied roles and actions they will have and perform in society. As such, the greater American society has a stake in the quality and kind of education American kids receive in grade school and high schools across America. After all, the children are the future of this country. Now, for instance, if a public school closes down in a county due to budget cuts, all its stakeholders will be affected. The kids must be placed elsewhere; it will strain their families and the education system that must find locations and areas to accept them. The staff and the teachers are going to be out of a job affecting their ability to support themselves and their families economically and the county, the community, the school board and the greater academic system will be saddled with responsibilities over pupils and students to place them in schools and to provide professional and financial support according to contract to staff and teachers. The community will feel the strain of the closing of the school and the discontent and social collective feelings/opinions, either negative or positive will affect local politics. The displacement will affect the socialization of the children and the formation of their personalities for the rest of their lives. The greater impact then will be long term as the abrupt change in their education will shape their future selves, selves that in their adult life will take over from their parents in the varied roles important to their communities. With the example above, I hope that the idea of stakeholders is already clear. Now, Let us consider a business or a company. The following are general types that many private commercial organizations can identify with: †¢Owners/Capitalists they are interested in the success of their investment/business. †¢Creditors/Investors like the above, they are interested in the success but they look at the bottom-line liquidity, credit score and new contracts, for example. †¢Employees/Staff they are interested not only in the success of their organization but focus on their job security, rates of pay, compensation, communication, and the way that they are treated by the organization altogether. Clients/Customer they are interested in the value of the products and services, ethical practices, quality of service and costumer care. †¢Suppliers Partners they are interested in providing the raw materials as well as support and services for the organization as well as for their own equitable business interests which will be affected by the organizations actions and decisions, †¢Trade Unions their interest is in the protection of the rights, benefits and interests of their union members, †¢Greater Community their interest is in the provision of jobs to community members, transparency, CSR, environmental rotection, shares, ethical practice, etc. †¢Government the governments interest is in the legality of certain practices, equal opportunity, taxation, VAT and related legislatory concerns. From the above, we can see how and why and organizations health as well as its practices will be of interest to the listed stakeholders. For example, if capitalists are concerned that the business has lost its profitability, it can pull out from the arrangement resulting to its closure or failure of the owners and other stakeholders will be unable to take over and resolve the pull-out of primary capitalists. Additionally, if a company or organization fails, its staff will lose jobs affecting their economic capacities. If a company does not provide satisfactory client support, clients are going to be unhappy and might not go back to use the company for its services and goods in the future. Entrepreneurship is about taking risks, going for innovations and undertaking finance and business challenges to introduce new products and create new businesses. The challenges of ensuring stakeholders are not taken for granted requires an entrepreneurial mindset, the need to continually innovate so that all concerns are referenced in essential decision making. The reform element of entrepreneurship then is important in making the actions and decisions of an organization relevant to the needs and demands of its stakeholders.

Death :: essays research papers

Death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death is the thing most people fear the most. I myself however do not, death can mean a lot of things. To me death is a restraint on life, a barrier which holds people from living life to its fullest. I hate being restrained, being set boundaries. However death also deserves respect, because if you do not respect death, you die, literally!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What causes death? Well, there are a lot of things that cause death. Disease, old age, Natural and un-natural occurrences, and suicide. The focus of this essay is to tell my views on the leading cause of death. What is the leading cause of death? I believe it is AIDS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency, is the disease that renders the body's immune system unable to resist invasion by several microorganisms that cause serious infections. AIDS is transmitted by blood, through intimate sexual contact, from infected mothers to their babies in the uterus, and perhaps through infected mother's milk. Currently there is no cure for AIDS, however research is showing hopeful signs. Research has made breakthroughs the past years and have come up with ways to slow things down, but not cure AIDS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many ways to prevent AIDS. I believe the leading way is abstinence. No sex until your sure of your sexual partners past sexual history should you consider sex. If you must have sex then have safe sex. Safe sex includes using any instrument or object which does not allow bodily fluids to be exchanged. Preventing AIDS is something we all can do. No one is forced to have sex (unless raped), no one is forced to do drugs with infected needles and no

Single Tier Company Income Tax System

1. 0 Introduction Singapore already start adopting a one-tier corporate tax system effect from 1 January 2003. In Malaysia, it is referred as the ‘single tier’ system. The government allowed a six-year transitional period to enable companies with unutilized dividend franking credits to pay franked dividends. From 1 January 2008, all resident companies in Singapore will come under the one-tier system. Meanwhile, other countries including Hong Kong, Ireland and also Malaysia are adopting the one-tier system effective from 1 January 2014.Generally, the Malaysian dividend system has undergone a complete overhaul in 2008 with the objective of providing companies, shareholders and the government with a simple, transparent, efficient and equitable system. With effect from Year Assessment (YA) 2008, a single tier dividend system replaces the tax imputation system on dividend payments to shareholders. All the changes from changing of dividend system have arisen as a result of leg islative amendments introduced by Finance Act 2007 (Act 683) gazette by the government on 28 December 2007.The new corporate tax system is called the single tier system because profits earned by companies are only taxed once and the profits distributed are no longer taxable on shareholders of the company. In this regard, the principal Income Tax Act 1967 is amended by substituting sec 108 with the following: 108. where a dividend is paid or credited by a company to any of its shareholders in the basis period for a year of assessment, the company shall not be entitled to deduct tax from such dividend paid or credited. 1. Chart: The Single Tier Company Income Tax System The company Company shareholders Income from the Income Profits business operations from investments in the company Tax on company profits The profits after taxes Profits after tax Net dividend aid out as dividends 2. 0 Advantages of Single Tier Dividend System First, single tier dividend system allows complete free f low in the channeling of profits of the company to the shareholders as exempt dividends. There are two sources of profits that can be identified. It is including revenue gains (where income tax has been paid) or capital gains from the disposal of long-term investments like, shares, landed property, plant, machinery, and factory by the company. The company may now frank out these profits as dividends to shareholders without any restrictions.From YA 2008, companies are no longer subject to the restrictions of having to maintain a tax imputation balance on dividend payments. Besides that, the second advantage is shareholders who receiving the exempt dividends are not requires to report the dividend income in their tax return. However, they are required to keep records and documents on their exempt dividend income for 7 years to substantiate this income in the event of a tax audit. The third advantages is that the company are no longer have a section 108 (6) charge issues. Single tier s ystem simplifies tax compliance.At the same time, it is enhancing efficiency of tax administrative system because no need keep track of tax paid and also dividends amount distributed to shareholders. However, under the previous dividend imputation system, a company whose payment of dividends is in excess of its tax credit balance [s 108 (6) balance] will end up paying s 108 (6) charge to the tax authorities. It is indicates company has to involve additional expenditure. Similarly, any excess in the dividend payment for capital gains over the tax credit balance will cause the company to incur the s 108 charge.This is no tax efficient to the company and increase the cost of dividend payment. While, the fourth advantage is shareholders whose marginal tax rate is at 27% will not be paying additional tax on dividend. As a comparison to previous imputation system, the income tax payment by company is imputed as tax credit to individual shareholders upon dividend payments, which is YA 2009 , 25% of the dividend income. However, the individual shareholders with the marginal tax rate of 27% will end up paying an additional 2% of tax dividend income received.With effective from YA 2009, an individual is assessed on 27% tax rate if is chargeable income exceeded RM100, 000. Fifth, it simplifies the job of tax authorities. Now, tax authorities does not need to process tax refunds to the shareholders. Thus, the tax authorities are freed up to focus their time and effort in particular the areas, such as tax audit to ensure complete tax compliance by taxpayers in a self-assessment system. The sixth advantage is single tier dividend system is business friendly, economical and tax efficient as companies are no longer requires to maintain tax credit balance for dividend payment.A portion of tax administration duties is now abolished so that human assets may focus on tax efficient work. Besides that, the seventh advantage is from a macro point of view. Nowadays, the single tier ap proach has provided a simple and convenient tax system to the country, companies and shareholders. Human capital assets may be deployed to the productive sectors to ensure that everyone is placed on a competitive edge to take on global challenges. 2. 1 Diagram of Dividends Payment to Shareholders under Imputation System Shareholder| Company Dividend income (gross)Individual75% x gross dividend| Pay net dividend (a)Received net dividend of 75% of gross dividend(b)Assessed as s 4(c) on gross dividend income(c)Tax credit on dividend income (25% of gross dividend) is available as s 110 set on income tax payable| Income tax payable RMFirst RM 100,000 14,[email  protected]% __xx__ __xxx_-S 110 set off (x) (25% x dividend income) _____Net income tax payable xx_ |Debit 25% od dividend income to s 108 account| Tax credit ondividend payments xx| Balance b/f xxYA 2009Income tax [email  protected]% / 25% nilxx| S 108 account| 3. 0 Single Tier Dividend System VS Imputation System The time l ine of implementing imputation system and single tier system is totally different. According to Choong (2009), he stated that a single tier dividend system replaces the tax imputation system on dividend payments to shareholders on 1 January 2008 and on YA 2008 onwards.Meanwhile, transitional rules applies for six-year period to 31 December 2013, during which the two systems will co-exist. From 1 January 2014, all resident companies will come under single tier system. However, imputation system implemented prior to YA 2008 until 31 December 2007 only. There are another comparison perspectives is in terms of income tax paid by the company. Under single tier system, dividend is final tax and the divided paid out to shareholders would be an exempted tax in the hands of shareholders.From here, the mechanism of single tier dividend system is treated as a separate tax entity without any integration with the shareholders. However, under imputation tax system, any excess in the dividend paym ent for capital gain over the tax credit balance will cause the company to incur the s108 charge. Thus, lead not final tax to the company while will increase the cost of dividend payment. Here, imputation system will allow integration between company and shareholders whereby a company in its essence does not pay tax.The actual tax is calculated on the shareholders upon receiving dividend income The next comparison is in the perspective of maintaining tax credit account (s 108 account). Maintaining tax credit account (s 108 account) require single tier dividend with no more than tax credit balance of companies to monitor because the company no longer has s108 charge issues and shareholders with authorities. However, it requires imputation tax system to maintain an imputation account to record income tax paid annually in credit side of the s108 account.A differences also occurs in payment of dividends to shareholders. For payment of dividends to shareholders under single tier divided for tax authorities, there is no more tax credit balance (s108 account) of companies to monitor. Hence, it also no necessity for them to process tax refunds to the shareholders and also no restriction for dividends payment. However, imputation tax system leading 108 account are to be debited the tax portion in s108 account. Continuing is the comparison perspective payment of capital gains as dividends to shareholders.Under single tier system, the company frank out profits such as dividends to shareholders without any restrictions in order to maintaining a tax imputation balance on dividend payments. However, imputation system stated any excess in the dividend payment for capital gain over the tax credit balance will cause the company to incur the s108 charge. Another comparison perspective is dividend income to shareholders. Frequently, shareholders receive the exempt dividend in single tier dividend which is not required to report the dividend income in their tax return.However, th ey have to keep all the record and documents on this exempt dividend income for 7 years to substantiate this income in the event of a tax audit. In contrast, under imputation system, shareholders receiving net dividend would be assessed on gross dividend income under s4(c) while the tax deducted on dividend income would be given a deduction (s 110set off) against their income tax payable in that YA. Next is the comparison of interest expense incurred to acquire shares. Now, the interest expense incurred to acquire shares is disregarded in the single tier dividend system as the dividend income is now tax exempt.In contrast, under imputation system, the dividend income is assesses under s4c of the Act which allowed interest expense to be deducted against gross dividend to arrive at statutory income. Thus, this will result in cash refund as the tax credit on dividend income exceeds tax payable on statutory income of dividend. Lastly is the differences of implementation. The existing co mpany with s 108 credit balances has to apply transitional period from 1 January 2008 until 31 December 2013 according to ss 38-57 of the Finance Act 2007(Act 683/2007).During transitional period, existing companies are slowly phase out from imputation system. Shareholders will not suffer immediately because many listed companies will continue to use imputation system to frank out dividends until 31 December 2013. After a transitional period, a single tier system will fully take place on 1 January 2104. Hence, the imputation system no longer using anymore. At the same time, any unutilized credit balance at s 108 account balance is deemed nil at 31 December. 3. 1 A Summary Table of Comparison between Single Tier Dividend and Imputation Tax System Single tier dividend| Imputation tax system| | (1. 1. 2008 on YA 2008 onwards)| (Prior to YA 2008 till 31. 12. 2007)| (a) Income tax paid by the company| Final tax| Not final tax. The amount is allowed to be credited to s108 account to pay d ividend to shareholders. | (b) Integration to shareholders| No. company and shareholders regarded as separate and individual entities| Allow integration between company and shareholders whereby a company in its essence does not pay tax. The actual tax is calculated on the shareholders upon receiving dividend income. (c) Maintaining tax credit account (s 108 account) (d) Payment of dividends to shareholders (e) Payment of capital gains as dividends to shareholders (f) Dividend income to shareholders (g) Interest expense incurred on loan to acquire shares (h) implementation| NoNo restrictionNo restrictionExempt dividendInterest expense is disregarded. Permanent lossFully in place on 1. 1. 2014| YesSubject to the availability credit in s 108 accountHas to incurred additional cash as s 108(6) chargeTaxable dividend with tax credit on dividend income. s 110 set off ]. It will be used to set of the income tax payable for the YADeductible. The excess of interest expense over dividend incom e is not allowedExisting s 108 a/c balance may be used to pay dividend for YA 2018 till 31. 12. 2013. Section 108 a/c is deemed nil at 31. 12. 2013| 4. 0 Examples 4. 1 New Company If there are any new companies that are planning to commence their businesses in YA 2008 or subsequent YAs, they will automatically start implementing single tier dividend system. The final tax will be monthly income tax paid by company.From here, there is a non-existing of section 108 account after commencement of new company start from YA 2008. Hence, new company doesn’t have a necessity to maintain section 108 account. Meanwhile, a change has been made on dividend payment by company to shareholders. Now, it is not required to deduct tax from dividend paid or credited to shareholders. However, the company still has to follow one regulation at the same time. It will provide a statement on dividends paid to the tax authorities. The period must be dividend paid during the YA within 7 months after clo sing the accounts.If a failure to do so by company is an offence, liable and conviction to either a) a fine of between RM200 and RM2000 b) imprisonment of not more than 6 months c) or both. The dividends received by shareholders are not entitled to tax computation or tax return forms. It is also tax exempted on dividends received. However, shareholders need to keep their documentations and records. The main purpose is for future tax audit inspections. 4. 2 Existing Company Any existing company in YA 2007 is continuing to maintain section 108 account until the cut off and frozen at 31 December 2007.The existing company has the following circumstances: a) Section 108 balance nil as at 31. 12. 2007. b) Section 108 balance is nil as at any date from 1. 1. 2008 to 31. 12. 2013. c) Section 108 balance is nil due to tax discharge, remittance or refund for tax assessments prior to YA 2008. d) Company exercised an irrevocable option during 1. 1. 2008 to 31. 12. 2013 to self zerolise section 108 balance to nil. The existing company will continue credit the last installment that is December 2007 monthly installment to section 108 account. In YA 2008, section 108 is not applicable anymore.While on 31 December 2007, the credit balance in section 108 is frozen. From this date onwards, credit balance will keep decreasing rather than increasing. It is used to pay cash dividend on ordinary shares until nil balance at 31 December 2013 or earlier than that. On 1 Jan 2014, all companies including existing companies are moved into a single tier dividend system. Companies with different year end have different treatment. A company with 31 December year end will have January 2008 monthly installment, and it is actually payable for December 2007 credited to section 108 account.In contrast, a company with non 31 December year end is allowed to have monthly income tax paid for the YA 2008 until 31 December 2007. On 31 December 2007, section 108 account is frozen and cut off. This accou nt is keep continuing decrease by tax discharge, remittance or refund for tax assessments prior to YA 2008. Meanwhile, the composite assessment arising through tax investigation which is issued after 31 December 2007 shall not added to section 108 account balance. Below is the table showing companies ending with different year end: Table 4. 0 Section 108 account credit balanceCompanies Year End| 31 December| Non 31 December| YA 2007 (31. 12. 2007)| Last installment in Jan 2008| N/A| YA 2008| N/A| Monthly installment till 31. 12. 2007| 31. 12. 2007| Credit balance frozen| Credit balance frozen| 1. 1. 2008 to 31. 12. 2013| To pay cash dividend on ordinary shares till nil balance| To pay cash dividend on ordinary shares till nil balance| 1. 1. 2014: Utilised s 108 balance| Deemed nil| Deemed nil| 5. 0 Conclusion In a overview, single tier dividend system means that the dividend from the companies is an tax exempt dividend to shareholders.Company will no longer have section 108 (6) chan ge issues and also shareholders will not face any additional taxes, even though their marginal tax reach 28%. Even tax authorization on the other end, no longer needs to monitor the tax credit balance section (108 account) of the company and also processing of the tax refunds to the shareholders. They are now able to intensify on tax audits to ensure complete tax compliance with the self assessment system. The single tier dividend system is deemed to be business friendly, economically and tax efficiency for the business environment.It is because it is no longer are a requirement to maintain tax credit balance for dividend payment. A portion of tax administration duties is now abolished so that human assets would be able to focus on tax efficiency duties. The change in the tax structure from imputation to the single tier system are the most significant changes as deemed in Malaysian tax laws. It is clearly a progressive measure, one that accords with international trends. In an inter national setting, the single-tier system or exemption system is seen by commentators as being more neutral than imputation .It achieves simplicity, resulting in efficiency savings for both businesses and tax authorities. It plugs tax leakages since no tax refunds are made under any circumstances. While imputation system discriminates against the non-resident shareholder (who is not granted a tax credit) in favour of the resident shareholder (who is granted a credit), however the single tier system eliminates this, thereby removing a discrimination against regional and multinational companies seeking a holding company locations in Malaysia.The government realized that the imputation system is not very sustainable anymore in we see it in the long run. So, if the tax rates were to be reduced further down in the future, the government needs a perfect system that will allow company's tax to be deemed as a final tax. In this case, the government have certainly had taken a bold step to mov e in the right direction. References 1. Choong. K.. F. (2009). Malaysian Taxation Principles and Practice. (15th ed. ) Malaysia: InfoWorld. 2. Kasipillai. J. (2009). A Comprehensive Guide to Malaysian Taxation. (4th ed. ) Malaysia:McGraw-Hill.

Annexation of Hawaii

Not many Americans are familiar with the history behind Hawaii becoming part of the United States. Most people know Hawaii for beautiful beaches, nice weather, and the native cultures. The annexation of Hawaii is an interesting story and was not an easy task to accomplish for the United States. The story of the annexation is a story of conflicting goals as the American businessman struggled to obtain favorable trade conditions and native Hawaiians sought to protect their culture and heritage. In 1891 Hawaii was a monarchy ruled by King Kalakaua and was later ruled by his sister, Queen Liliuokalani.The United States began seeking interest in Hawaii in the early 1820s to expand on agricultural growth. The United States became interested in Hawaii’s sugar growing agriculture and began trading with Hawaii [1]. America began trading and making deals with Hawaii while King Kalakaua was still ruling. During this time the United States did not charge anything for importing Hawaiian su gar. Also, the United States established a U. S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in the late 1880s. The sugar growing industry is where the annexation of Hawaii started to begin or was the root cause of the annexation.In 1890 Congress approved the McKinley Tariff; this tariff raised the rates on sugar being imported into the United States from foreign countries. The raised rates caused a financial hardship on the sugar farmers of the Hawaiian Islands. The American sugar farmers knew if the islands were to be annexed by the United States, then the tariff would be no longer needed. Queen Liliuokalani tried to rebuild the monarchy and was against the annexation with the United States. Many of the local sugar farmers were plotting a revolt to defeat the Queen because of her opposition to the annexation.American troops invaded the island without the consent from the President of the United States. The troops overthrew the Queen in a bloodless battle on January 17, 1893 and raised the American flag to lay claim of their new proclaimed territory [2]. After being overthrown by the American troops the annexation committee decided to proclaim themselves the Provisional Government. The Senate did not get a chance to ratify the treaty of annexation before the new President, Grover Cleveland withdrew the treaty.President Cleveland felt the United States acted inappropriately by ordering the overthrowing of the Hawaiian monarch and quickly withdrew the annexation treaty. Queen Liliuokalani resumed her authority as queen and leader, but the newly appointed President of the Provisional Government, Sanford Dole, was not so willing to submit his power back to the Queen. Many of the natives were not happy with the new government and began to form rallies to protest. Two groups were formed to try and prevent the annexation of Hawaii.The two groups were Hui Hawaii Aloha Aina (this was the female group) and the other group was Hui Hawaii Aloha Aina o Na Wahine (this was the male group). The groups fought to try and prevent the takeover, but were not successful. The leaders of the rebellion along with the Queen were put in prison. The Queen was imprisoned because she failed to stop the fight. In 1897 the new President of the United States, William McKinley, was inaugurated. President McKinley was in favor of the annexation. McKinley along with three representatives of the government of the Republic of Hawaii signed a treaty to annex Hawaii.Once the treaty was signed, it was then passed on to the Senate for ratification. Once again this provoked the two protest groups, who then decided to organize a mass petition drive. The groups hoped to accomplish showing the American government that the majority of the Hawaiian natives wanted the annexation to be stopped. The groups gathered 21,269 signatures to oppose the petition [2]. Four delegates along with Liliuokalani met with Senator George Hoar to present the petition for the Senator to read to the Senate.The petition w as formally accepted and the treaty was turned down by the Senate. Not long after Senate opposed the annexation treaty was the subject brought up again. A United States’ battleship was blown up in the Havana Harbor. The Hawaiian Islands became a key place for the refueling of the naval ships during the Spanish-American War. The Congressmen who were for the annexation of Hawaii submitted a proposal to annex the islands by joint resolution, which required only a simple majority, vote in both houses.The â€Å"Newlands Resolution† passed Congress and President McKinley signed the document on July 7, 1898. After being, annexed Hawaii remained a United States territory and then in 1959 became the fiftieth state. Bibliography 1. Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. â€Å"The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii. †Ã‚  Social Education63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402-408. 2. ushistory. org. â€Å"Hawaiian Annexation†. U. S. History Online Textbook. Accessed March 19, 2013. http://www. ushistory. org/us/44b. asp.

Definition of Bleeding Kansas

Definition of Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas was a term coined to describe violent conflicts in the US territory of Kansas from 1854 to 1858. The violence was provoked when the residents of Kansas had to decide for themselves whether to become a slave state or a free state.The unrest in Kansas amounted to a civil conflict on a small scale, and was something of a premonition of the full-scale war Civil War that was split the nation less than a decade later. The outbreak of hostilities in Kansas was essentially a proxy war, with pro-slavery and anti-slavery sympathizers in the North and South sending manpower as well as weapons. As events unfolded, elections were decided by outsiders flooding into the territory, and two different territorial legislatures were established. The violence in Kansas became a subject of fascination, with reports often being carred in the newspapers of the day. It was the influential New York City editor, Horace Greeley, who was crediting with coining the term Bleeding Kansas. Some of the violence in Kansas was perpetrated by John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who traveled, with his sons, to Kansas so they might slaughter pro-slavery settlers. Background of the Violence The atmosphere in the United States in the 1850s was tense, as the crisis over slavery became the most prominent issue of the day. The acquisition of new territories following the Mexican War led to the Compromise of 1850, which seemed to settle the question of which parts of the country would allow slavery. In 1853, when Congress turned its attention to the Kansas-Nebraska territory and how it would be organized into states to come into the Union.  The battle over slavery began again. Nebraska was far enough north that it would clearly be a free state, as required under the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The question was about Kansas: would it come into the Union as a free state or a slave state? An influential Democratic senator from Illinois, Stephen Douglas, proposed a solution he called popular sovereignty. Under his proposal, the residents of a territory would vote to decide if slavery would be legal. The legislation put forth by Douglas, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, would essentially overturn the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in states where the citizens voted for it. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was immediately controversial. (For instance, in Illinois a lawyer who had given up on politics, Abraham Lincoln, was so offended by it that he resumed his political career.) With the decision in Kansas approaching, anti-slavery activists from northern states began flooding into the territory. Pro-slavery farmers from the South also began to arrive. The new arrivals began to make a difference in voting. In November 1854 an election to choose a territorial delegate to send to the U.S. Congress resulted in many illegal votes. The following spring an election to choose a territorial legislature resulted in Border Ruffians coming across the border from Missouri to ensure a decisive (if disputed) win for pro-slavery candidates. By August 1855 the anti-slavery people who had come into Kansas rejected the new state constitution, created what they called a free-state legislature, and created a free-state constitution known as the Topeka Constitution. In April 1856 the pro-slavery government in Kansas set up in its capital, Lecompton. The federal government, accepting the disputed election, considered the Lecompton legislature as the legitimate government of Kansas. Eruptions of Violence Tensions were high, and then on May 21, 1856, pro-slavery riders entered the free soil town of Lawrence, Kansas, and burned homes and businesses. To retaliate, John Brown and some of his followers dragged five pro-slavery men from their homes at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, and murdered them. The violence even reached the halls of Congress. After an abolitionist senator from Massachusetts, Charles Sumner, delivered a blistering speech denouncing slavery and those who supported it in Kansas, he was beaten nearly to death by a South Carolina congressman. A truce was finally worked out by a new territorial governor, though violence continued to flare until finally dying down in 1859. Significance of Bleeding Kansas It was estimated that the skirmishing in Kansas ultimately cost about 200 lives. While it was not a major war, it was important as it showed how the tensions of slavery could lead to violent conflict. And in a sense, Bleeding Kansas was a precursor to the Civil War, which would violently split the nation in 1861.

A Farewell To Arms Analysis Essays - English-language Films

A Farewell To Arms Analysis Essays - English-language Films A Farewell to Arms Analysis John Stubbs' "Love and Role Playing in A Farewell to Arms" John Stubbs' essay is an examination of the defense which he believes Henry and Catherine use to protect themselves from the discovery of their insignificance and "powerlessness...in a world indifferent to their well being..." He asserts that "role-playing" by the two main characters, and several others in the book, is a way to escape the realization of human mortality which is unveiled by war. Stubbs thinks that Hemingway utilized role-playing as a way to "explore the strengths and weaknesses of his two characters." Stubbs says that by placing Henry's ordered life in opposition to Catherine's topsy-turvy one, and then letting each one assume a role which will bring them closer together, Hemingway shows the pair's inability to accept "the hard, gratuitous quality of life." Stubbs begins by showing other examples, notably in In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises, in which Hemingway's characters revert to role-playing in order to escape or retreat from their lives. The ability to create characters who play roles, he says, either to "maintain self-esteem" or to escape, is one Hemingway exploits extraordinarily well in A Farewell to Arms and therefore it "is his richest and most successful handling of human beings trying to come to terms with their vulnerability." As far as Stubbs is concerned, Hemingway is quite blatant in letting us know that role-playing is what is occurring. He tells that the role-playing begins during Henry and Catherine's third encounter, when Catherine directly dictates what is spoken by Henry. After this meeting the two become increasingly comfortable with their roles and easily adopt them whenever the other is nearby. This is apparent also in that they can only successfully play their roles when they are in private and any disturbance causes the "game" to be disrupted. The intrusion of the outside world in any form makes their role-playing impossible, as evidenced at the race track in Milan, where they must be alone. The people surrounding them make Catherine feel uncomfortable and Henry has to take her away from the crowd. He goes on to describe how it is impossible for them to play the roles when they are apart and how they therefore become more dependent upon each other's company. Stubbs goes on to explain how, "neither mistakes role-playing for a truly intimate relationship, but both recognize that it can be a useful device for satisfying certain emotional needs." He says that originally Henry and Catherine are playing the "game" for different reasons but eventually move to play it as a team. Henry is role-playing to regain the sense of order he has lost when he realizes the futility of the war and his lack of place in it. Catherine is role-playing to deal with the loss of her fiance and to try to find order in the arena of the war. When they are able to role-play together, "the promise of mutual support" is what becomes so important to them as they try to cope with their individual human vulnerability. He also analyzes the idyllic world introduced early in the story by the priest at the mess and later realized by Henry and Catherine in Switzerland. They fall fully into their roles when they row across the lake on their way to their idealized world. The fact that they actually are able to enter this make-believe world strengthens their "game" and allows it to continue longer than it would have otherwise. And once they are in this new world they adopt new roles which allow them to continue their ruse. They also need to work harder to maintain the "game" because far from the front they are both still aware the war is proceeding and they are no longer a part of it. The world in which they exist in reality (!) is not conducive to role-playing because it tries repeatedly to end their "game". Stubbs manages to uncover numerous inezces in which the two are role-playing and he makes a very interesting case that this is exactly what they are doing and not just his imagination reading into the story. He does make certain assumptions, that their love is not "real", that the characters are searching for order, which are

EFL

Present Continuous Worksheets for ESL/EFL The present continuous is used to talk about what is happening at the moment, as well as for future scheduled events and takes the following forms: Present Continuous Positive Form Subject to be (am, are, is) present participle (ing form of verb) objects Peters working in the garden at the moment.Were meeting Tom at five oclock. Present Continuous Negative Form Subject to be (am, are, is) not verb objects Mary isnt watching TV now. Shes outside.They arent working at the moment. Theyre on a break. Present Continuous Question Form (Question Word) to be (am, are, is) subject present participle (ing form of verb)? What are you doing?Where is Tim hiding? No Present Continuous with Stative Verbs The present continuous, and continuous forms in general, are used with action verbs such as talk, drive, play, etc. The continuous form is not used with stative verbs such as be, seem, taste, etc. Some stative verbs can be used as action verbs so there are some exceptions. For example: smell - It smells good. (stative verb) / He is smelling the roses. (action verb) He seems happy.This tastes very sweet.It doesnt appear to be difficult. Time Expressions with Present Continuous for Present Action Now / At the Moment Now and at the moment refer to the moment of speaking. These two expressions are often used with the present continuous. Its also possible to use the present continuous without these time expressions depending on the context. Shes taking a shower at the moment.Were having dinner now.Daren is studying for the test. Currently / This Week - Month / Today Currently, this week / month and today are used to speak about what is happening around the present moment. These forms are often used in work to speak about a project in progress. Jasons taking the day off today.Theyre working on the Smith account.Are you developing plans for the new project? Time Expressions with Present Continuous for Future Scheduled Action Next / On / At The present continuous is also used for planned events in the future such as meetings. Use future time expressions such as next, tomorrow, at time, on day,  in month etc. Were meeting next Thursday to discuss the issue.Im presenting at two oclock tomorrow.Shes having lunch with Peter on Monday. Present Continuous Worksheet 1 Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the present continuous tense. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. Alexander _____ (study) for his exams at the moment.Where _____ (you meet) Tim next week?She _____ (not play) Golf tomorrow.They _____ (make) dinner now.The company (not finish) the plans this week.She _____ (eat) oysters for lunch right now.David _____ (not fly) to Chicago next week.I _____ (work) on a special report today.We _____ (not cook) dinner this evening because were eating out._____ (Tom drive) to work right now?Alice _____ (read) a new book at the moment.They _____ (not prepare) for the science exam at the moment.When _____ (you have) lunch tomorrow?We _____ (joke)!_____ (they give) a party this weekend?Susan _____ (make) the decision at 3 oclock this afternoon.People _____ (play) tennis golf on a beautiful day like this!What _____ (you do)?!He _____ (bake) a cake at the moment.Which motel _____ (they stay) at now? Present Continuous Worksheet 2 Choose the correct time expression used with the present continuous tense. They are cooking dinner (on the moment / now).The company is preparing a report for their most important client (last / this) week.My sister is studying for a test (at the moment / in the moment).Were meeting Brian (on / at) three oclock.(Currently / Current) were working on the Anderson account.They arent coming for dinner (this / at) evening.Susan is playing tennis with Tim (now / then).What are you doing (this / next) afternoon?Theyre enjoying dinner (at / next) the moment.What are you doing (tomorrow / yesterday) afternoon?Henry is making the presentation (at / on) Wednesday.Our teacher is helping us with grammar (that / this) morning.My dog is barking (at the moment / in the moment).Were finishing the business report (today / yesterday).The clock is striking twelve oclock right (now / soon). Its time to go!Frank is flying to Chicago (this / that) morning.Were reading that book (at the moment / on the moment).Thomas is presenting at the meeting (on / in) April.Shes mowing the law n (now / moment). Theyre developing a new product (this / last) month. Present Continuous Worksheet 3 Decide whether the following sentences use present continuous for action at the moment (NOW), action around the current moment in time (AROUND), or for a future scheduled action (FUTURE). Were working on the Smith account this month.Just a moment, I think hes working out in the garden.Jennifers meeting with Tom later today.Im looking for a new job currently.Were discussing the issue on Wednesday.Jakes finishing his homework right now.Alans working with Tom later today.Theyre making dinner for us tonight.Im sorry I dont have time. Im mowing the lawn.Shes looking for a new home as shed like to move soon. Worksheet 1 - Answers is studying  are you meeting  isnt playing  are making  Ã‚  isnt finishing  is eating  isnt flying  am working  arent cooking  Is Tom driving  is reading  arent preparingare you having  are joking!Are they giving  is making  are playing  are you doingis bakingare they staying Worksheet 2 - Answers nowthis weekat the momentat three oclockCurrentlythis eveningnowthis afternoonat the momenttomorrow afternoonon Wednesdaythis morningat the momenttodayright nowthis morningat the momentin AprilnowThis month Worksheet 3 - Answers Around the moment  NowFutureAround the momentFutureNowFutureFuture / NowNowAround the moment

Marketing communication (REPORT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing communication (REPORT) - Essay Example With the Nike + TV ad already running, the social media campaign should be more detailed with the content of the ad. The advertisement should be able to serve its purpose in the market by segmenting its territory and attracting new subscribers or clients. According to Funk (2013) the campaign should choose wisely the social media platforms that it will be run on. The consideration is also strategic since the aim of the campaign is to re energise the loyalty of the brand and also attract new clients. Capturing the attention of the readers and viewers dos not only include the perfect use of color, but it also has so much to deal with the choice of words used. Words that are captivating to the ear and capturing to the eye are almost always the simplest words that we use on our day to day conversations. More often than not, the target audience is normally the driving force towards determining an ad. In our case, Nike+ is a sports line that deals with all types of sporting equipment, balls and apparels. The target market here is definitely inclined towards sportsmen and sports enthusiasts. This however is still a very wide market that will also need to be segmented according to the content of the available product. The only way to attract interest is by association. Let the audience of the campaign feel associated with the campaign. With the term possibilities, let the campaign be designed such that it shows ability, determination, chance and finally possibility. After getting the attention of the viewer, the advertisement or campaign should be able to attract the viewer. This is only achievable by creating a level of interest up to the point where the viewer would like to know how he/she will benefit or gain from the item in front of them. Just do it-possibility is creating a new feeling, a feeling of much more in the field where someone has already accomplished. The campaign should therefore strategically place itself on a

Argument of evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument of evaluation - Assignment Example when he should have enjoyed his retirement) and the circumstances under which Reagan conducted his presidency, it is clear how great his influence was, which is still felt today, which most people do not know but which everybody somehow benefited. All previous presidents will be evaluated on how good they were on both domestic and international affairs. On the domestic side, issues like the economy, employment, taxes, and governance will be used as criteria to measure their achievements. On the international front, the main criteria to be used will be conduct of foreign policy and international agenda like globalization, trade issues, and foreign wars (whether limited wars or proxy wars). President Ronald Reagan will be compared to the other great presidents in terms of his accomplishments, how he measures up against public opinion polls, how all other foreign governments view his administration, the long-term effects of his actions while in office, and how history will probably judge him, even in the years to come. An example of his enduring legacy is the adoption of the word â€Å"Reaganomics† which means lowered taxes and less of the government interference in business (Dunn 51) and in peoples lives, and a strong

Vehicle Routing Software Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vehicle Routing Software - Assignment Example These are several factors that are considered by clients when installing the vehicle routing system; durability, efficiency, installation and maintenance cost and detailed data. This software helps in; There are several software companies that offer vehicle routing service with both similar and different features .Some of the key features of vehicle routing software’s are constraint programming platform ,ability to tackle large and complex species problems, precise modeling ,operation research derived routing algorithm and immediate tangible benefits Appian is transport management software used for truck routing, logistic support analysis and designs. It is the easiest way to make fleet location and routing accessible to both the company and clients. It updates schedules automatically based on the real time GPS feed .It is able to mage easily territory overlaps quick return on investments. It allows incorporation Microsoft excel software. In apian there is resource scheduling and fleet sizing optimization software that provide crucial information for fleet scheduling, strategic growth plan and eliminating unnecessary cost. MJC2 is vendor that offers powerful planning and optimization solutions. It has advanced planning and scheduling software that is capable of providing automated scheduling and optimizing the operation with minimal manual intervention. This software is user friendly and has powerful scheduling control functionality. It also has e- enabled scheduler that allows web scheduling to be online and able to corporate databases and legacy system. It’s able to address the scheduling of very large distribution operation in real time and provide strategic supply chain management. Some other extra benefits are ability to quickly update round because demand varies, better utilization of resources and long term planning powers The vendor has product for real time routing and

Consider the bases for motivation for terrorism. Discuss with Essay

Consider the bases for motivation for terrorism. Discuss with reference to a range of illustrative groups and action to counter violent political radicalisation - Essay Example responding are leading to a re-evaluation of what is needed to alter the affiliations with these specific groups and the agendas that they are working to fulfill. The more that is understood and analyzed about the groups, as well as the counter – actions that are taken, the more likely that the correct responses can be taken to change the rebellion against political and social arenas. The definition of terrorism is one that has grown in current years. The explosion of terrorism as a cultural affiliation began after the World Trade Centers in 2001, which caused destruction to the United States buildings and created a strong cultural and political response from America. The particular attacks led to the new terrorism, and have led to a rise in the amount of terrorist groups that are spotted around the world, especially since the 1980s. There are several definitions and identity concepts that are affiliated with this. Terrorists are known to consist of either a fanatical religious group or one that holds a political agenda. Fanaticism, rather than political interest, is usually at the base of motivation for terrorism. However, non – traditional terrorism, which consists of political agendas that are intertwined with religion, as well as the responses from groups, is prevalent. The rules for groups have led into more destruction and chaos that is created as we ll as the belief that self – destruction is honorable when being a part of war and terrorism (Morgan, 7, 2004). There are several types of terrorism that are a part of different focus groups around the world. Each has specific agendas and initiatives that are related to politics and society, as well as the need to achieve specific goals in relation to philosophies held by the groups. The new terrorism, which has developed as a part of the 20th century, has created a different understanding and analysis of terrorist groups and their agendas. The main focus of new terrorism is one that is not

Environmental health Epidemiology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Environmental health Epidemiology - Assignment Example Just like the name of the design suggests, the design involves comparing different cases of the same infection. In examination of the Shigellosis infection, several cases in the outbreak would have been compared with other infected individuals not related to this outbreak. This study design would have made it possible to investigate the infectious disease within the context of an extant surveillance system, since it compares prior infections and their causes, with the current cases in the Shigellosis outbreak. One of the principal advantages, of questioning the people that were not ill, is that it provided a basis for identifying the symptoms of Shigellosis through comparing the sick to the healthy. The healthy participants also allowed for distinction of findings from those resulting from other factors. Questioning these individuals also formed a basis of avoiding bias in the study. Examining healthy persons could have been disadvantageous in the sense that their selection could have been prejudiced. Further, it would have been difficult to determine if they were infected, especially if the disease was still in the incubation phase. The case-control study design primarily involved young participants, who were incapable of providing responses to some of the crucial research questions. The design was also vulnerable to selection bias, especially in choosing the control group. The age limitation could have been overcome through selection of an older cohort of participants, while bias would have been avoided through selecting the control group independent of exposure to research status. Bias could also have been avoided through selection of controls representative of the populace from which they were chosen. Potential measures of mitigating Shigellosis infection would include educating park visitors on the significance

Consider the bases for motivation for terrorism. Discuss with Essay

Consider the bases for motivation for terrorism. Discuss with reference to a range of illustrative groups and action to counter violent political radicalisation - Essay Example responding are leading to a re-evaluation of what is needed to alter the affiliations with these specific groups and the agendas that they are working to fulfill. The more that is understood and analyzed about the groups, as well as the counter – actions that are taken, the more likely that the correct responses can be taken to change the rebellion against political and social arenas. The definition of terrorism is one that has grown in current years. The explosion of terrorism as a cultural affiliation began after the World Trade Centers in 2001, which caused destruction to the United States buildings and created a strong cultural and political response from America. The particular attacks led to the new terrorism, and have led to a rise in the amount of terrorist groups that are spotted around the world, especially since the 1980s. There are several definitions and identity concepts that are affiliated with this. Terrorists are known to consist of either a fanatical religious group or one that holds a political agenda. Fanaticism, rather than political interest, is usually at the base of motivation for terrorism. However, non – traditional terrorism, which consists of political agendas that are intertwined with religion, as well as the responses from groups, is prevalent. The rules for groups have led into more destruction and chaos that is created as we ll as the belief that self – destruction is honorable when being a part of war and terrorism (Morgan, 7, 2004). There are several types of terrorism that are a part of different focus groups around the world. Each has specific agendas and initiatives that are related to politics and society, as well as the need to achieve specific goals in relation to philosophies held by the groups. The new terrorism, which has developed as a part of the 20th century, has created a different understanding and analysis of terrorist groups and their agendas. The main focus of new terrorism is one that is not

Importance of nursing theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of nursing theory - Assignment Example Section four summarizes the paper. Nursing theory forms the foundation of the practice of nursing. The various theories equip nurses with the vital knowledge they need to attend to patients. Like with many professions, many theories of nursing have been criticized as being out of tune with the practice(Henderson, Schoonbeek, & Paterson, 2011). These critics posit that many theories bear little or no relevance to the practical needs of the profession. The often cited examples are those of the theories of Freud Sigmund who sought to explain everything in terms of sex. Although the claim may be correct, the importance of nursing theory cannot be dismissed altogether. Students of nursing acquire practical skills when they practice the knowledge acquired from the theories. Nursing theories distinguish the profession from others. This distinction is possible because the theories are unique to the profession having been developed by nurses themselves. Besides, nursing has a fairly long history that has enabled it to establish itself. On patient care, nursing theories have helped enhance the care received by patients in the hands of nurses. For instance, during the time of Florence Nightingale, most nurses were uneducated and incompetent. Then Nightingale proposed formal nurse education and training(Zinner, 2014). Today America boasts of the world’s top nursing schools. Improved nurse training has resulted in improved care. In their Environmental Theory, Florence Nightingale described nursing as the process of using the environment of the patient to bring about their recovery. The theory posits that the patient’s environment affects their biological and physiological processes, hence the recovery process(Hallett, 2011). It is the work of the nurse to manipulate the environment so as to make it conducive to the healing process. Nightingale identified five environmental factors that the nurse should seek to manipulate.